• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2571-2575
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• 2013

AKT1 is a member of the serine/threoine AGC protein kinase family involved in thyroid cancer metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival. It is overexpressed in thyroid tumors. In this study, we designed two AKT1 specific DNAzymes (DRz1 and DRz2) that target AKT1 mRNA. The results showed that DRz1 could decrease the expression of AKT1 by 58%. Furthermore, DRz1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and inhibited invasion in SW597 cells. In addition, down-regulation of survivin expression was associated with decreased caspase-3, VEGF and MMP2 in SW597 cells after 24 h. In our study, the efficacy of DRz1 in decreasing AKT1 protein levels were better than DRz2. AKT1-DRz1 might have anti-tumorigenic activity and may provide the basis for a novel therapeutic intervention in thyroid cancer treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2003

Insular carcinoma of the thyroid(ICT) is an uncommon thyroglobulin-producing neoplasm, intermediate between well differentiated and anaplastic carcinoma. Only a few publications have addressed the fine needle aspiration cytologic(FNAC) findings from ICT. We experienced a case histologically diagnosed as ICT and with preoperative FNAC in a 52 - year - old woman. The FNAC displayed scanty colloid and abundant monomorphic follicular cells presented singly, in small loose aggregates, and in cohesive trabecular or acinar clusters. Intact insulae of tumor cells were also identified. Necrosis and mitosis were rare. Tumor cells showed round and monomorphic nuclei, finely granular chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli. When insular structure is identified in thyroid FNAC specimen, ICT should be included in the differential diagnosis. Herein we discuss and review the cytologic criteria for separation of ICT from other thyroid neoplasms.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.189-192
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• 2013

An adult beagle dog was presented with a cervical mass detected by palpation and computed tomography. Fine needle aspirates revealed numerous epithelial cells with plasmacytoid appearance and frequent naked nuclei. Histologically, the mass consists of multiple packets of neoplastic cells and extensive areas of necrosis and fibrosis. Neoplastic cells were also found in submandibular lymph nodes. Immunohistochemistry showed that neoplastic cells were positive for calcitonin and negative for thyroglobulin. Based on these findings, the cervical mass was diagnosed as thyroid C-cell carcinoma. Almost one year after the surgical excision, the dog remains healthy without any symptom of recurrence or metastasis.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.321-329
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• 2023

Anaplastic thyroid cancer has the highest mortality rate of all thyroid cancers and shows low responsiveness to most treatments. Hongyoung, a reddish-colored potato, is an excellent source of dietary polyphenol containing a large amount of anthocyanins, which has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigated the effects of Hongyoung extract on apoptosis and invasiveness in SNU-80 anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. The quantification of the total polyphenol content was done by spectrophotometric measurement. Cell growth was measured by using 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl) 2H tetrazolium, monosodium salt (MTS) assay. Cell cycle was analyzed through FACS analysis. Induction of apoptosis in cells was investigated by annexin V staining using flow cytometer and the expression of caspase-3 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) through western blot. mRNA expression and protein activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2/-9 were examined by RT-PCR and zymography. As a result, the TPC of Hongyoung was 292.43±8.42 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g dry extract. Hongyoung showed a dose-dependent cell growth inhibition, and the IC₅₀ values was 1,000 ㎍/mL. sub-G1 phase was more than doubled compared to the control group, and S and G2/M phase arrest were also induced. Hongyoung induced apoptosis by increasing FITC-Annexin V-positive cells and increased the activation of caspase-3 (cleaved caspase-3) and PARP (fragmented PARP). Hongyoung significantly inhibited mRNA expression and protein activation of MMP-2/-9 in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-treated SNU-80 cells. Therefore, this study suggests the possibility of development of Hongyoung extract as an anti-cancer agent.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.515-522
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• 1995

The effects of the thyroid hormone ($T_3$) on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity were evaluated in a baby hamster kidney cell line, C100. The cells cultured in MEM were supplemented with 10% thyroid hormone-depleted fetal bovine serum (THDS-MEM) and had a 82.5% lower level of HMG-CoA reductase activity than the cells grown in a medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS-MEM). When $T_3$ was supplemented to THDS-MEM, the reduction of the reductase activity was blocked in a dose-dependent manner. In the cells grown in THDS-MEM containing $T_3$ at a concentration of $10^{-6}$ M, the level of HMG-CoA reductase activity was 91.8% relative to the cells grown in FBS-MEM. These changes in HMG-CoA reductase activity seemed to be at least partly due to the changes of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels. The level of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA in cells incubated in THDS-MEM decreased to 76.2% relative to the cells grown in FBS-MEM, while the level of reductase mRNA in cells incubated in THDS-MEM containing $T_3$ at a concentration of $10^{-6}$ M increased to 243.4% relative to the cells grown in FBS-MEM. The increase of HMG-CoA reductase mRNA level after $T_3$ treatment may have been due to the increased stability of reductase mRNA, because the transcriptional rate of the reductase gene did not change significantly in the presence or absence of $T_3$. These results indicate that $T_3$ stabilizes HMG-CoA reductase mRNA at the posttranscriptional level and regulates HMG-CoA reductase activity in a dose-dependent manner.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.274-279
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• 1996

Medullary thyroid carcinoma constitutes about 5-10% of all thyroid malignancies, but rare in children. It has frequent association with multiple endocrine neoplasia(MEN) and frequent familial occurrence. They are derived from parafollicular cells of thyroid glands and produce calcitonin. They are capable of local invasion, spread to regional lymph nodes, or distant metastases. Histopathologically, the lesions are characterized by sheets of non-follicular cells surrounded by deposits of hyaline amyloid. Aggressive surgical intervention is recommended due to the propensity of medullary thyroid carcinoma for local microvascular invasion, late recurrence and metastasis. A total thyroidectomy is generally recommended because of the high incidence of bilaterality. Recently, authors experienced a case of medullary carcinoma in child. We report this case with review of the literatures.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2002

Objectve : Okadaic acid is a specific inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2A. In order to know the mechanism of apoptosis induced by okadaic acid, we treated FRTL-5 thyroid cells with okadaic acid and measured the changes of important proteins that are involved in apoptosis. Materials and Methods: We measured caspase 3 activity, $PLC-{\gamma}1$ degradation, the expression of XIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2, and cytochrome c release in okadaic acid-treated FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Results: Okadaic acid-induced caspase 3 activation and $PLC-{\gamma}1$ degradation and apoptosis were dose-dependent with a maximal effect at a concentration of 80 nmol and time-dependent with a maximal effect at 24 hours after treatment. The elevated caspase 3 activity in okadaic acid treated FRTL-5 thyroid cells are correlated with down-regulation of XIAP and cIAP1, but not cIAP2. General and potent inhibitor of caspases, z-VAD-fmk. abolished okadaic acid-induced caspase 3 activity and $PLC-{\gamma}1$ degradation. The release of cytochrome c in okadaic acid-induced FRTL-5 thyroid cells was dose-dependent with a maximal effect at a concentration of 80 nmol. Conclusions: These findings suggest that mechanism of okadaic acid-induced apoptosis is associated with cytochrome c release and increase of caspase 3 activation in FRTL-5 thyroid cells.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 1967

The effects of X-ray irradiation and the thyroid gland on the erythropoietic system were studied in the white male rabbits. The total body irradiation was done in doses of 250 r and 500 r to each of 5 rabbits for 10days. The factors were 220KV, 10mA, FLI/4 Cu+1 mmAI(HVL:2.0 mm Cu) 50 cm F.S.D. The thyroid dysfunction was experimentally induced, by giving 2mg of thyroid tablets per kg body weight for 15 days in 5 rabbits for hyperthyroidism and by giving 1.5 mC of $^{131}I$ per kg body weight in another 5 rabbits for hypothyroidism. Fourteen healthy rabbits were used as control. The hematologic changes and ferrokinetic data obtained from $^{59}Fe$ and apparent half survival of the red blood cells obtained from $^{51}Cr$ were compared. Following were the results: A. X-ray irradiated group; 1. There were no significant changes in hematologic findings except for leucopenia. A slight decrease of red blood cells was observed in 500 r irradiated animals. 2. The decreases in the iron turnover rates of the plasma and red blood cells as well as in the red cell renewal rate were found in both groups. A :significant decrease of the red cell iron utilization rate was observed in the 500 r irradiated animals. 3. The apparent half survival times of the red blood cells were slightly, in the 250 r ($12.1{\pm}0.80$ days), and markedly shortened in the 500 r irradiated animals ($9.8{\pm}1.38$ days), the normal being $14.0{\pm}1.6$ days. 4. It appears, therefore, that the anemia caused by X-ray irradiation is due to the inhibition of hemopoietic function and the excess destruction of the red blood cells. B. Thyroid dysfunction group; 1. The slight increases of the red blood cell count and circulating blood volume with the normal serum iron level were observed in the hyperthyroid group, while the decreases of the red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit values with a marked decrease of the serum iron level in the hypothyroid group. 2. A marked decrease of the plasma iron disappearance rate with increases of plasma iron turnover, red cell iron utilization and red cell iron turnover were observed in the hyperthyroid group, while the marked delay and decreases in the hypothyroid group. 3. The apparent half survival times of the red blood cells were almost the same with the control in the hyperthyroid group, ($14.0{\pm}1.58$ while a marked shortening in the hypothyroid group $10.6{\pm}0.30$. 4. It was reconfirmed that the thyroid hormones bear a close relationship with the erythropoietic system, namely, the latter is stimulated by the former. The lack of the thyroid hormones thus induces the bone marrow depression leading to anemia the major cause of which, therefore, is not hemolysis.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.106-108
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• 1989

A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 1997

Oxyphilic (Hurthle) cells have abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasms and occur in both benign and malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland. Most published studies described mainly oxyphilic tumors of follicular type, and reports on oxyphilic papillary thyroid carcinomas are rare. The oxyphilic variant of papillary carcinoma differs from the classic papillary carcinoma in its more aggressive biological behavior. We report a case of oxyphilic papillary carcinoma exhibiting exclusively oxyphilic cells in a follicular pattern without papillary structures. The pattern of papillary carcinoma was confirmed by fine needle aspiration material and lymph nodal metastasis, both of which revealed typicaled papillary structures with characteristic nuclear features, psammoma bodies, and oxyphilic cytoplasm.