• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.259-279
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• 2009

Radioiodine ablation therapy has been considered to be a standard treatment for patient with differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy. Patients may need to be hospitalized to reduce radiation exposure of other people and relatives from radioactive patients receiving radioiodine therapy. Medical staffs, nursing staffs and technologists sometimes hesitate to contact patients in radioiodine therapy ward. The purpose of this paper is to introduce radiation dosimetry, estimate radiation dose from patients and emphasize the safety of radiation exposure from patients treated with high dose radioiodine in therapy ward. The major component of radiation dose from patient is external exposure. However external radiation dose from these patients treated with typical therapeutic dose of 4 to 8 GBq have a very low risk of cancer induction compared with other various risks occurring in daily life. The typical annual radiation dose without shielding received by patient is estimated to be 5 to 10 mSv, which is comparable with 100 to 200 times effective dose received by chest PA examination. Therefore, when we should keep in mind the general principle of radiation protection, the risks of radiation exposure from patients are low and the medical personnel are considered to be safe from radiation exposure.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.139-154
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• 2021

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a crucial tool for evaluating mediastinal masses considering that several lesions that appear indeterminate on computed tomography and radiography can be differentiated on MRI. Using a three-compartment model to localize the mass and employing a basic knowledge of MRI, radiologists can easily diagnose mediastinal masses. Here, we review the use of MRI in evaluating mediastinal masses and present the images of various mediastinal masses categorized using the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group's three-compartment classification system. These masses include thymic hyperplasia, thymic cyst, pericardial cyst, thymoma, mediastinal hemangioma, lymphoma, mature teratoma, bronchogenic cyst, esophageal duplication cyst, mediastinal thyroid carcinoma originating from ectopic thyroid tissue, mediastinal liposarcoma, mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst, neurogenic tumor, meningocele, and plasmacytoma.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.152-159
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• 2008

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) cannot differentiate follicular adenoma from follicular carcinoma since this distinction can only be based on the presence of capsular or vascular invasion, and this can￢not be detected on a cytologic smear. The goal of this study was to define the diagnostic cytologic findings of follicular neoplasm and the possibility of diagnosing follicular neoplasm by performing FNAC. The cases of histologically diagnosed follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma on the thyroidectomy specimens were retrieved. Among them, the cases with preoperative FNAC that was done within 3 months of the operation were finally selected. Then we reviewed the FNAC and histologic slides of 19 cases: 9 follicular adenomas and 10 follicular carcinomas. Our results suggest that for cases of follicular neoplasm, the aspirates show high or abundant cellularity, frequent follicle formation and occasional cellular atypism of the follicular cells. However, the atypism is more pronounced and more frequently noticed in the cases of follicular carcinoma, which reveals more higher anisocytosis (7/10, 70%), nuclear pleomorphism (9/10, 90%), coarse clumping of chromatin (8/10, 80%) and cellular overlapping (8/10, 80%).

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 2002

Follicular carcinomas are the second most common form of thyroid cancer, accounting for 10 to 20% of all thyroid cancers. Follicular carcinomas have a propensity to metastasize via the bloodstream, spreading to bone, lungs, liver, and elsewhere. We described the case of a 48-year-old woman who presented with swelling of the left preauricular area, which was a consequence of a metastatic follicular carcinoma of the masticator space. Plain films showed illdefined erosive bony changes from the left condylar head to the mandibular notch. Contrast-enhanced CT images showed a well circumscribed round mass with well enhancement within left masticator space. On MR images, the mass was heterogenously hyperintense to the muscle on T2-weighted images and isointense or hyperintense to the muscle on Tl-weighted images, and showed good enhancement on contrast-enhanced Tl-weighted images. Upon microscopic examination, the metastatic mass was found to be composed of fairly uniform cells forming small follicles containing colloid, showing capsular and vascular invasion.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2003

Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid gland is a rare benign neoplasm predominantly diagnosed in middle-aged women. Carney et al. first described this entity that may mimic paraganglioma, medullary carcinoma and papillary carcinoma in 1987. We describe cytologic and histopathologic features of a case of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma combined with occult papillary carcinoma in the opposite lobe. A 55-year-old woman presented with nontender palpable mass of the right neck for 6 months. The aspirate was cellular and contained small clusters and sheets of epithelial cells with abundant filamentous, vacuolated, and ill-defined cytoplasm. The nuclei were slightly pleomorphic and showed nuclear overlapping, nuclear grooves, and intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions. Histologic examination showed hyalinizing trabecular adenoma in the right lobe and occult papillary carcinoma in the left lobe.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.200-205
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• 1997

Background: There is considerable controversy concerning the most appropriate surgical treatment of patients with DTC. Objectives: In order to selection of the appropriate surgical treatment for DTC, we have analyzed the outcome of the different types of surgical treatment in low and high risk groups of DTC. Materials and Methods: From January 1968 through december 1980, a total of 71 patients with DTC were treated surgically at our institution. According to Cady and Rossi's scoring system, the patients were divided into low risk and high risk groups. Results: Seventy percent of patients were defined as low risk group with a 4% death rate whereas 30% of patients at high risk with a death caused by thyroid cancer in 38%(p<0.05). There was no difference in mortality between ipsilateral lobectomy and total thyroidectomy in both low and high risk groups(p>0.1). Conclusion: In our study, total thyroidectomy was not benefit in high risk group. These results suggested that total thyroidectomy must be selected carefully and based on clear evidence of major improvement in outcome or absence of other suitable surgical approaches. However, follow up study of more cases will be needed for accurate determination of the efficacy of total thyroidectomy in high risk group.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.346-355
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• 1997

To evaluate the utility of I-131, T1-201 scintigraphy, and serum thyroglobulin(Tg) in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer, we compared retrospectively the data from 33 patients who underwent total or subtotal thyroidectomy. I-131 scintigraphy was performed after optimal endogenous TSH stimulation ($TSH>50{\mu}U/ml$). Total 41 cases of I-131 and T1-201 scintigraphy pairs were examined. Concomitant serum thyroglobulin levels were measured for 41 pairs of scan. Tg-off levels(that measured after discontinuation of the thyroid hormone) higher than 40ng/m1 were considered positive, and Tg-on levels(that measured during the thyroid hormone replacement) higher than 5ng/ml were considered positive. The concordance rates between I-131 therapeutic scintigraphy and T1-201 scintigraphy was 48% in the 38 case of total scan pairs(59% in the 17 cases of postoperative preablation group, and 38% in the 21 cases of postoperative postablation group). Of 17 studies before the I-131 ablation therapy(preablation group), 7 showed positive I-131 therapeutic scintigraphy despite of negative T1-201 scintigraphy. Among patients with negative I-131 therapeutic scintigraphy, no patients had abnormal T1-201 uptake. However, of 21 studies which were done after radioiodine therapy(postablation group) 6 had abnormal uptake on T1-201 scintigraphy which were not seen on I-131 therapeutic scintigraphy, and Tg-off levels also elevated in this 4 of 6 cases. As a result, I-131 therapeutic scintigraphy showed highest positive rate at postoperative preablation follow-up study in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. T1-201 scintigraphy may be useful in postablation studies, and the use of the combined modalities(T1-201 and Tg levels) provides a higher diagnostic yield.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1993

The nodular hyperplasia of the thyroid is a common thyriod disease. Nodular hyperplasia does rarely progress to thyroid cancer. The differentiation of a nodular hyperplasia from a neoplasm may be simple or difficult, both clinically and anatomically. The papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is the most common type of thyroid malignancies. There were few studies about cytogenetic observation in thyroid cancer. But only one case of banding observation in nodular hyperplasia have been reported. In order to compare the chromosomal changes in the thyroid cancer and the noncancerous thyroid disease, we performed cytogenetic analysis in two papillary carcinoma and two nodular hyperplasia after cell culture. The chromosomal pattern of the nodular hyperplasia found was very heterogenous but no clonal abnormaly in both cases was observed. Case I : A modal chromosomal number was in 42-46 range. Chromosome 8, 19, 21. 22 were commonly lost. 9 structural anomalities among 51 analysed cells were observed but they were not clonal. Case II: A modal chromosomal number was 43. Chromosome 17 and 19 were commonly lossed. Common cytogenetic characters of this two nodular hyperplasia are hypodiploidity and very heterogenous chromosomal pattern. The result about the papillary carcinoma are as follow. In one case some numerical and structural chromosomal changes were observed. But they were not clonal abnormality. In another case the chromosomal pattern found was very heterogenous with a clonal abnormality of del(11)(q23). The modal number was 46. The del(11)(q23) a chromosomal change in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid have previously been reported(Eva Olah et al. 1989). We suggest that 11q deletion may be important role to pathogenesis of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. According to this results, we could not find out specific differences about chromosomal changes and any relationship between the papillary carcinoma and the nodular hyperplasia.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 2003

Cystic hypersecretory carcinoma of the breast is a rare variant of ductal carcinoma of breast, first described in 1984 by Rosen and Scott. Histologically, it is characterized by the formation of dilated ducts and cysts containing an eosinophilic secretory product resembling thyroid colloid. Cytologic findings show a few clusters of atypical ductal epithelial cells in amorphous proteinaceous material with clacking artifact. Differential diagnosis include mucinous carcinoma and benign mucocele-like tumor. We present two cases of fine needle aspiration cytology of cystic hypersecretory intraductal carcinoma of the breast with a review of the literature.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.219-223
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• 2004

Metastases to the jawbones are found predominantly in the mandible and are rare in relation to the overall spectrum of oral malignancy. Analysis of the literature shows that the most frequent primary sites are the breast, lung, kidney, thyroid, and prostate. Adenocarcinoma of the mandible, whether primary or metastatic, are usually difficult to diagnose clinically. We report a case illustrating the clinical, radiographic, and histologic findings of a metastatic lung adenocarcinoma of the anterior mandible in a 58-year-old male.