• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.60-60
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• 2022

우리나라에 분포하는 팥꽃나무과(Thymelaeaceae) 산닥나무속(Wikstroemia) 식물은 산닥나무[Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino], 거문도닥나무[W. ganpi (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.] 2종이 분포하고 있다. 산닥나무는 낮은 산지의 그늘진 계곡에서 주로 자생하며, 거문도닥나무는 임연부에서 주로 자생하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 현재 우리나라에 남아있는 자생지는 기후변화, 남획 등을 이유로 과거에 비하여 축소되어 유전자원의 현지 내·외 보전이 적극적으로 권장된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 삼지닥나무, 산닥나무, 거문도닥나무의 생육환경 특성을 파악하여 보존 및 증식을 위한 기초자료로 활용하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 연구 결과, 확인된 자생지는 3지역 7개소로 산닥나무는 순천지역, 영암지역, 거문도닥나무는 고흥지역에 자생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 산닥나무는 해발고도 72-248 m, 사면 방위는 북사면, 동사면, 경사는 30-55°의 급경사지에서 주로 자생하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 방형구(10×10 m) 내 개체수는 8-20 개체가 확인되었다. 거문도닥나무는 해발고도 65-76 m, 사면방위는 동사면, 경사는 20-60°, 개체수는 15-25 개체가 확인되었다. 군집분석은 지표종 분석을 통해 가장 유의한 2개 군집으로 나뉘었으며, 산닥나무는 소나무 군집(Pinus densiflora Sieblod & Zucc.), 거문도닥나무는 곰솔(Pinus thunbergii Parl.) 군집으로 확인되었다. 군집의 안전성, 다양성을 나타내는 척도인 종다양성, 최대종다양도, 균재도 및 우점도지수는 소나무 군집 1.2303, 1.2788, 0.9621, 0.0389, 곰솔 군집이 1.1821, 1.2359, 0.9552, 0.0448로 확인되었다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.161-166
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• 2003

In the course of our studies for new anticancer medicinal plants, we evaluated the effects of an alcohol-water (1:1, V/V) extract of Dendrostellera lesserii (Thymelaeaceae) leaves on the growth rates of breast tumors of rats. The breast tumors were induced in a group of rats by Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) injection. Our data showed that daily oral feeding of the crude extract to the rats, for 20 consecutive weeks, significantly repressed the growth rates of the breast tumors. In addition, the probable effect of D. lessertii crude extract or one of its purified active components on metastasis was evaluated using wehi-164 cells. Treatment of the cells with a single nontoxic dose of the purified active component for 48 hours inhibited the adhesion of the cells to the immobilized fibronectin molecules by almost 80% compared to the untreated control cells.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.305-318
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• 2021

We report 14 species of flowering plants as new additions to the flora of Laos. These are Illex viridis (Aquifoliaceae), Capparis erycibe (Capparaceae), Euphorbia bokorensis (Euphorbiaceae), Exacum darae (Gentianaceae), Aeschynanthus cambodiensis (Gesneriaceae), Tetraphyllum roseum (Gesneriaceae), Utricularia gibba (Lentibulariaceae), Macrosolen brandisianus (Loranthaceae), Decaschistia siamensis (Malvaceae), Nyssa yunnanensis (Nyssaceae), Adenia penangiana var. penangiana (Passifloraceae), Pentaphylax euryoides (Pentaphylacaceae), Wikstroemia bokorensis (Thymelaeaceae), and Debregeasia wallichiana (Urticaceae). We discovered the species during a botanical survey of the Phou Khao Khouay National Biodiversity Conservation Area (PKKNBCA) of Lao PDR in 2015-2019. In addition, nine rarely collected flowering plant species in Laos are newly reported for the PKKNBCA.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.536-545
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of agarwood (Thymelaeaceae) inhalation using an electric incense burner on stress and brain waves. Sixteen participants were included in the study during the period from September 2019 to April 2020. Participant recruitment was undertaken by the 'H' center. This paper focused on stress reduction and compared the differences in stress and brain waves before and after agarwood inhalation using an electric incense burner. Electroencephalography was measured by a 19 Channel, Brainmaster Discovery, and analyzed using a NeuroGuide, LORETA (Brain Mapping). The analysis of technical statistics was carried out using SPSS/WIN 21.0 and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The study observed that the stress response index was reduced by a significance level of 0.01 in patients with anxiety, depression, and somatization disorders after agarwood inhalation. Secondly, alpha waves were increased by a significance level of 0.05, in 18 out of 19 regions measured, except FP 1. The difference after agarwood inhalation was the most significant in the region that affects emotion. Thirdly, a LORETA analysis found that alpha waves were increased in the brain region (BA 40) predominantly responsible for memory and emotion. This result clarifies that agarwood inhalation using an electric incense burner reduced stress and had a positive effect on brain waves and hence, has potential as an alternative therapy.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.944-951
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• 2007

3-Hydrogenkwadaphnin (3-HK) is a daphnane-type diterpene ester isolated from Dendrostellera lessertii (Thymelaeaceae) with high differentiation and apoptotic potency in leukemic cells without any measurable adverse effects on normal cells (Moosavi et al., 2005b). In this study, we report that 3-HK (12 nM) has the ability to cease proliferation, induce differentiation and apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) K562 cell line. The treated cells lost erythroid properties and differentiated along the megakaryocytic lineage based on the morphological features apparent after Wright-Giemsa staining, DNA content analysis and the expression of cell surface marker glycoprotein IIb as analyzed by flow cytometry. Moreover, using Hoechst 33258 and Annexin V double staining indicated the occurrence of apoptosis among the treated cells. On the other hand, restoration of the depleted GTP pool size by exogenous addition of guanosine ($50{\mu}M$) reduced the effect of the drug regarding the extent of differentiation while no further enhancement of 3-HK effect was obtained by addition of exogenous hypoxanthine ($100{\mu}M$). These interesting results necessitate further investigation regarding the mechanism of action of this unique anti-leukemic agent.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2014

In the course of screening for antioxidant compounds from natural plants in Korea by measuring the radical scavenging effect, a methanol extract of the flower buds of Daphne genkwa S. et Z. (Thymelaeaceae) was found to show a potent antioxidant activity. Subsequent activity-guided fractionation of methanol extract of D. genkwa led to the isolation of four compounds from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction. The chemical structures were elucidated as genkwanin (1), 3'-hydroxygenkwanin (2), apigenin (3), and tiliroside (4) by spectroscopic techniques. Among them, compound 2 showed the significant anti-oxidative effect on DPPH. And compound 2 showed the significant riboflavin-and xanthine-originated superoxide quenching activities. To verify the antioxidant enzymatic activities of compound 2, the SOD enzymatic activity was measured spectrophtometrically using prepared Caenorhabditis elegans homogenates. The results showed that compound 2 was able to elevate SOD activity of C. elegans in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, compound 2 decreased the intracellular ROS accumulation of worms.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2017

Microsatellite markers were isolated for Daphne kiusiana var. kiusiana (Thymelaeaceae), an evergreen broad-leaved shrub endemic to Korea and Japan. Because its populations in Jeju Island are morphologically controversial, and consistently threatened by anthropogenic pressures, taxonomic delimitation and conservation effort are required at the genetic level. We developed 21 polymorphic microsatellite loci from Next Generation Sequencing data. The primer set included di-, tri-, and tetra-nucleotide repeats. Variability in the markers was tested for 80 individuals of D. kiusiana from three natural populations in Jeju Island and Japan. Among the 21 loci, three were unavailable for population JKJU of Japan. The Neighbor-Joining tree based on microsatellite markers described here classified the three populations into two groups according to geographical or morphological traits. These will be a powerful genetics tool for determining the taxonomic boundary and establishing suitable conservation strategies for D. kiusiana in Jeju Island.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.144-155
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• 2022

Daphne kiusiana is an evergreen shrub with dense head-like umbels of white flowers distributed in southern Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan. Plants in China and Taiwan are recognized as var. atrocaulis by having a dark purple stem, elliptic leaves, and persistent bracts. Recently, plants on Jejudo Island were segregated as a separate species, D. jejudoensis, given their elliptic leaves with an acuminate apex, a long hypanthium and sepals, and a glabrous hypanthium. Morphological variations of three closely related taxa, the D. kiusiana complex, were investigated across the distributional range to clarify the taxonomic delimitation of members of the complex. Twelve characters of the leaf and flower were measured from digitized herbarium specimens using the image analysis program ImageJ and were included in a morphometric analysis, the results of which indicate that the level of variation in the characters is very high. The results of a principal component analysis weakly separated D. jejudoensis from D. kiusiana according to their floral characteristics, such as a longer, glabrous hypanthium, and larger sepals. However, some individuals of D. kiusiana, particularly those from Bigeumdo Island, were included in D. jejudoensis. Recognition of D. kiusiana var. atrocaulis based on the leaf shape was not supported in the analysis, and D. jejudoensis may be recognized as a variety of D. kiusiana. Our morphometric analysis shows that digitized images of herbarium specimens could be useful and an additional method by which to investigate more diverse specimens.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.513-519
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• 2012

Although the immense efforts have been made for cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment, cancer morbidity and mortality has not been decreased during last forty years. Especially, lung cancer is top-ranked in cancer-associated human death. Therefore, effective strategy is strongly required for the management of lung cancer. In the present study, we found that novel daphnane diterpenoids, yuanhualine (YL), yuanhuahine (YH) and yuanhuagine (YG) isolated from the flower of Daphne genkwa (Thymelaeaceae), exhibited potent anti-proliferative activities against human lung A549 cells with the $IC_{50}$ values of 7.0, 15.2 and 24.7 nM, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the daphnane diterpenoids induced cell-cycle arrest in the G0/G1 as well as G2/M phase in A549 cells. The cell-cycle arrests were well correlated with the expression of checkpoint proteins including the up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and p53 and down-regulation of cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin E, cyclin dependent kinase 4, cdc2, phosphorylation of Rb and cMyc expression. In the analysis of signal transduction molecules, the daphnane diterpenoids suppressed the activation of Akt, STAT3 and Src in human lung cancer cells. The daphnane diterpenoids also exerted the potent anti-proliferative activity against anticancer-drug resistant cancer cells including gemcitabine-resistant A549, gefitinib-, erlotinib-resistant H292 cells. Synergistic effects in the growth inhibition were also observed when yuanhualine was combined with gemcitabine, gefitinib or erlotinib in A549 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that the novel daphnane diterpenoids might provide lead candidates for the development of therapeutic agents for human lung cancers.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.167-186
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• 1997

The inhibitory activity of Aquillariae Lignum (Thymelaeaceae) on type Ⅰ immediate hypersensitivity of the anaphylactic type in the wistar rat model of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, an IgE-mediated, mast cell-dependent reaction. Administered orally at 250, 500 mg/kg body weight 1 h before the challenge, Aquillariae Lignum potently inhibited PCA in rats which disodium cromoglycate showed poor inhibitory activity. Aquillariae Lignum inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylaxis 100% with a dose of 0.5 g/kg body weight at 1 h before or 5 and 10 min after injection of compound 48/80. Aquillariae Lignum (0.05-1.6 mg/ml) also exhibited the dose-related inhibitory effect on compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat_peritoneal mast cells. Moreover, it was clearly demonstrated that Aquillariae Lignum and disodium cromoglycate disodium cromoglycate potently inhibited such type Ⅰ allergic reactions as anaphylactic shocks, suggesting that these drugs, at least in part, share the same mechanism of action It is suggested that Aquillariae Lignum may exert a stronger inhibition on the mast cell degranulation process. Since Aquillariae Lignum (1.0 mg/ml) inhibited about 90% of histidine decarboxylase activity, the inhibitory activity of Aquillariae Lignum for histamine release was considered to be derived from the inhibition of histidine decarboxylase activity. It results from increased expression of the mRNA coding for histidine decarboxylase, as assessed by Northern blot analysis after a 12 h incubation to P-815 cells with dexamethasone plus 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The addition of Aquillariae Lignum to P-815 cells with dexamethasone plus 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, significantly inhibited the histidine decarboxylase gene expression. Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ was not constitutively expressed in P-815 cells. Substance P selectively activates the tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ gene expression in P-815 cells. Aquillariae Lignurm inhibited substance P-induced tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ gene expression. Furthennore, The effect of Aquillariae Lignum on the mRNA expression of novel protein kinase C ${\delta}$ a major isoform of mast cells, was examined by Northern blot analysis. The expression of novel protein kinase C ${\delta}$ mRNA in the presence of Aquillariae Lignum was significantly lower than in the absence of Aquillariae Lignum. These results suggest the possibility that the inhibition of allergic reaction by Aquillanae Lignum should be regulated by tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ and novel protein kinase C ${\delta}$.