• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.5
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• pp.618-629
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of pruning (P treatment) and transplanting (T treatment) of Acer palmatum on cambial growth and compartmentalization of pruning wounds for one year after treatments. Changes of cambial electrical resistance (CER), sizes of pruning wounds, cambial growth of trunks and stems near the wounds, and total phenols at branch unions during the period were examined using a total of 49 trees. After harvesting, areas of discolored wood behind the wounds, relative proportions of extractives, holocellulose and lignin at branch unions were also determined. CER and the cambial growth of trunk at 30 cm above the ground (TGR) were inversely correlated, and differences of CER and TGR among three treatments were significant. TGRs of control, P treatment and P+T treatment after the treatments were 112.2%, 72.4% and 52.5% of the annual growth for the year before the treatments, respectively. The cambial growth rate of stem (SGR) at 1.5 cm above the branch bark ridge and the closure rate of pruning wound (WCR) for one year after treatments were positively correlated, and WCR of P treatment of 39.8% was significantly higher than that of P+T treatment of 31.8%. Wounds of P+T treatment formed greater discolored area per unit area of pruning wound (D/W Ratio) than those of P treatment significantly. Lower WCR and higher D/W Ratio of P+T treatment suggested less ability of compartmentalizing the wounds than P treatment. Total phenols at branch core of pruning wound for both treatments heightened a month after treatment, and then lowered. The contents at below core of the wound were higher than those at control ones continuously, while they became similar each other at above core. Relatively high phenol contents of the extractives at P+T treatment implied that trees with P+T treatment allocated more energy to compartmentalize their wounds. Holocellulose and lignin contents at the branch core of treated branch unions of both treatments were lower and higher, respectively, than at the same part of the union with living branch, as results of the tree reaction to protection from wounding and microbial invasion.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the alleviative effects of activated charcoal (AC) and Houttuynia cordata (HC) singly or in combination in broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis. Activated charcoal (1% or 0.5%) and H. cordata (1% or 0.5%) were mixed into the diets for the ability to reduced the deleterious effects of 2.4mg total aflatoxin $(AFB_1)kg^{-1}$ diet on growing broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 160 1-day-old (Hyline Variety Brown) broiler chicks were housed in eight treatment groups [Control, $AFB_1$, AC 1%, HC 1%, $AFB_1$ plus AC 1% plus HC 1%, $AFB_1$ plus AC 1% plus HC 0.5%, $AFB_1$ plus AC 0.5% plus HC 1%, $AFB_1$ plus AC 0.5% plus HC 0.5%] each consisting of 20 chicks. Compared to control, 2.4mg $AFB_1$ alone treatment group significantly decreased body weight gains of chickens. The addition of mixed AC 1% and HC 1% including 6, 7 groups to the 2.4mg $AFB_1$-containing diet moderately reduced the adverse effects of $AFB_1$ on performances of chickens. The chickens consuming 2.4mg $AFB_1$ plus AC 0.5% and HC 0.5%-containing diet showed very slightly reduced the adverse effects on investigated parameters compared to the $AFB_1$ only treated group. Also, the single addition of AC or HC to the $AFB_1$-free diet had no adverse effects in chickens. These results suggest that AC and HC mixed can reduced the aflatoxicosis in broilers and may be contribute to a solution of the aflatoxicosis problem in poultry production.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.639-644
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• 2007

This study analyzed components of the leaves of Elaeagnus multiflora as part of studies on the nutritional and functional materials of fruits and leaves of this plant. The moisture content of the leaves was 71.6% and the carbohydrate, crude protein, lipid and ash contents were 24.1, 1.4, 0.4 and 2.5%, respectively. Concentrations of reducing sugars, soluble proteins and polyphenols were 460.0, 503.3 and 805.6 mg/100 g, respectively. Fructose was the dominant free sugar, and arabinose, maltose, glucose, and a small amount of trehalose were also detected. Malic acid was the main organic acid in E. multiflora leaves, and acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, and succinic acid were also present. E. multiflora leaves were high in K, Ca and Mg. Of hydrolyzed amino acids, alanine was present at the highest concentration (112.0 mg/100 g), with threonine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine being the next most common. Glutamic acid and ornithine were the dominant free amino acid and amino acid derivative, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.593-599
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• 2014

This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant potentials of some available plants to source alternate antioxidants and antibiotics. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by determining the antioxidant activity reducing powers and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities of extracts from some local edible native plants. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extracts was found to have been 0.41-94.84%. The Elsholtziasplendens NAKAI extract ($85^{\circ}C$, ethanol, accelerated solvent extraction) showed the highest level of antioxidant activity. Eight samples of plant extracts were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against three microflora (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans) using disc diffusion assay. Two samples (Geranium krameri FR. Et SAV. and Cleyera japonica Thunb.) had much more intensive antimicrobial activities than the control. However, their DPPH free radical scavenging activity levels were only 14.50 and 13.85, respectively. It is suggested that they could be used as natural preservatives against bacterial contamination in cosmetics and foods, in place of the common synthetic preservatives currently used.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1060-1066
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• 2017

This study was conducted to develop rice cookies added with young persimmon fruits. Effects of varying amounts (0-12%) of the fruit powder from a young astringent persimmon fruit (picked at July) on the quality characteristics of rice cookies were studied. Ingredients [rice (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica 'Ilpum') flours, persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. 'Cheongdobansi') powder, sugar, butter, salt, baking powder, egg] were mixed, cut (thickness 3 mm, diameter 35 mm), baked at $170-180^{\circ}C$ for 9 min, cooled, and packaged in polyethylene/nylon bags. The loss rate and spread factor after baking of cookies increased and then decreased with an increase in the amount of fruit powder added. The moisture content and color values ($L^*$ and $a^*$) of cookies decreased with an increase in the amount of the persimmon powder added. Phenolic compounds content and DPPH radicals scavenging activity increased with an increase in persimmon powder content; in particular, the DPPH activity of the cookies sharply increased after the addition of 3% persimmon powder. These results suggest that the addition of the young persimmon fruit powder affected the quality characteristics of rice cookies and this fruit powder (approximately 3%) can be utilized as an additive during rice cookie processing.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.562-572
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• 2011

This study is to examine the environmental characteristics of subpopulations of Ilex crenata var. microphyllla Max. distributed in the east-west slopes of Mt. Halla National Park based on analyzing the factors of environment, vegetation and soil. The result of the TWINSAPN analysis conducted on 56 study plots between the altitudes of 500 m and 1600 m of east-west slopes of Mt. Halla National Park can be divided into five communities-Prunus maximowiczii Rupr., Manshurian fullmoon Maple, Carpinus tschonoskii Max., Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq., Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray and Pinus thunbergil Parl. Among these communities, the plot with high importance percentage of the subpopulation of Ilex crenata var. microphyllla Max., is the Carpinus tschonoskii Max.-Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq. included in the altitude of 600m~1200m radius. The dominant species of the upper shrub layer was Carpinus tschonoskii Max.(I.P.: 29.82%) while the dominant species of the canopy layer was Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq.(I.P.: 26.76%). For the understory layer the dominant species was Ilex crenata var. microphyllla Max.. Species diversity index was on the low end with 0.7424, indicating the stably formed climax community of Carpinus tschonoskii Max.. The analysis of soil properties showed high concentrations of organic matters, available phosphate and Ca, Mg, the high importance percentage of the of Ilex crenata var. microphyllla Max. is found in altitude of 600m~800m on the eastern slope and the altitude of 800m~1,000m radius on the west slope. This region is included in the southern part of the cold/hot forest zone, its high importance percentage of Carpinus tschonoskii Max. and low in the species diversity index of 0.7424, and has formed stable climax community of Carpinus tschonoskii Max. in Mt. Halla.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.277-291
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• 2009

The flora in the region of Songnisan National Park ($N36^{\circ}28^{\prime}05^{{\prime}{\prime}}{\sim}36^{\circ}46^{\prime}38^{{\prime}{\prime}}$, $E\;127^{\circ}47^{\prime}06^{{\prime}{\prime}}{\sim}127^{\circ}57^{\prime}50^{{\prime}{\prime}}$) was surveyed from April 2000 to July 2006. Vascular plants in 26 collections included a total of 723 taxa: 115 families, 392 genera, 629 species, 4 subspecies, 72 varieties and 18 forms. Ninety-three of these taxa were first records for the region. In the flora of Songnisan National Park, 27 taxa were Korean endemic plants, 19 taxa were rare and endangered plants as designated by the Korea Forest Service. Forty-five of the taxa were with the levels III, IV, V in the floristic regional indicator plants which was designated by Korean Ministry of Environment, and 29 taxa were alien plants now naturalized in Korea. Owing to their unusual phytogeography and low number of populations, the taxa Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copel., Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, Jeffersonia dubia (Maxim.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Baker & S.Moore, Bupleurum euphorbioides Nakai, Phacellanthus tubiflorus Siebold & Zucc., Lilium cernuum Kom., Gastrodia elata Blume and Cephalanthera erecta var. subaphylla (Miyabe & Kud ) Ohwi were considered the most important. Based on these results, it is clear that appropriate plans to conserve the natural habitat of Songnisan National Park must be made immediately.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.881-886
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• 2016

Cephalanthera erecta (Thunb. ex, Murray) is an herbaceous and a member of the genus Cephalanthera in the family Orchidaceae. The species is an herbaceous and has reputed Chinese medicinal value. It has been investigated the population density and spatial distribution of this species at Mt. Ahop in Korea during 2015. The spatial pattern of C. erecta was analyzed according to several patchiness indexes, population uniformity or aggregation under different sizes of plots by dispersion indices, and spatial autocorrelation. The mean crowding (M*) and patchiness index (PAI) showed positive values except one small plot (2 m × 2 m). Most natural individuals of C. erecta for plots were not uniformly distributed in the forest community. The small plots (2 m × 2 m, to 8 m × 16 m) of C. erecta were uniformly distributed in the forest community and large plots (16 m × 16 m and 16 m × 32 m) were aggregately distributed. Significant aggregations by Moran's I of C. erecta were partially observed within IV classes (12 m). Dissimilarity among pairs of individuals could found by more than 18.0 m. In conclusion, the geographic distribution of C. erecta is not even with varying degrees of size of plots and human activities give rise to density effects in the plots at Mt. Ahop in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.218-224
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• 2008

This study was conducted to obtain the basic data for using the Artemisia genetic resources as a medicinal crop. 24 taxa including Artemisia capillaris Thunb. were analyzed by principal component analysis of 25 characters and cluster analysis for classification. In Principal components analysis of individuals of taxa using 25 morphological characters of reproductive organ, the first, the second, the third and the fourth components contributed 44.73%, 16.86%, 8.88%, and 7.07% of the variations, respectively. The cumulative contribution from the first to the fourth principal components was 77.56%. In cluster analysis, taxa of Artemisia L. was seperated 3 group by 25 morphological characters of reproductive organ, but it didn't completely coincident with Kitamura classification.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.112-127
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• 2002

Objectives: Younnyeniksoobulrodan(延年益壽不老丹) composed of Polygonum multiflorum THUNB. and some medical herbs is known as formula of senescence delay effect. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Younnyeniksoobulrodan(延年益壽不老丹) on antioxidant enzyme activity such as Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS), Superoxide dismutase(SOD), Catalase(CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) in rat erythrocytes and liver. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 4 gorups, Young group(8 weeks old, N-8), Aging group(18 weeks old, N-18), pathologically induced aging gorup(injected D-galatose 50mg／kg, 1time／day for 6 weeks, CON) and Younnyeniksoobulrodan(延年益壽不老丹) administered group(D-galactose 50mg／kg and Younnyeniksoobulrodan extracts 840.0mg／kg 1time／day for 6 weeks, YIB). Rats were sacrificed and TBARS, SOD, CAT, and GSH-px were measured in rat erythrocytes and liver. Results: Plasma and liver TBARS concentrations of YIB group were significantly lower than those of control. Red blood cell(RBC) SOD activities of YIB group was increased(F=3.445, p=0.033, ANOVA test), and RBC catalase activities of all experimental group were not significantly different. RBC GSH-px activities of YIB group was increased(F=9.365,p=0.0001, ANOVA test). Liver SOD activities of YIB group was higher than those of control(F=4.967, p=0.008, ANOVA test). Liver catalase activities of all experimental group were not significantly different, and liver GSH-px activity of YIB group was significantly higher than that of control(F=3.846, p=0.022,ANOVA test). Conclusions: According to the above results, it is considered that Younnyeniksoobulrodan is effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidative enzyme activities in D-galactose induced aging rat.