• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of electroacupuncture on pain threshold and 5-HT synthesis in raphe magnus nucleus of dog brain stem following nociception induced by 1% carageenan. Method: Twenty male dogs were randomly divided into two groups, a control group and an electroacupuncture group with the following parameters: ST36, LI11 and SP9 with 120Hz and 0.5mA. The dogs were sacrificed at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after nociception using 1% carageenan injection into the plantar side of the dog's left leg. The pain threshold was recorded by an Analgesia-meter. After making brain slice sections, the tissues were immunostained with 5-HT antisera (1:2,500). Results: The pain threshold for the electroacupuncture group was higher than for the control group. The number of 5-HT immunoreactive neurons in the electroacupuncture group was greater than that of the control group. Differences between the two groups regarding the number of 5-HT immunoreactive neurons at 30 min and 60 min (p<0.05), at 120 min and 150 min (p<0.01), and at 8 days (p<0.05) were significant. Conclusion: The increases in pain threshold and number of 5-HT immunoreactive neurons in the raphe magnus nucleus of dog brain stem showed that electroacupuncture can attenuate pain transduction through the descending tract.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.771-778
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of linear polarized near-infrared ray radiation on experimental pain threshold in healthy adult subjects. Thirty healthy adult subjects were divided into 5 groups: 1) group 1, super lizer radiation at 0 % ; 2) group 2, super lizer radiation at 10 % ; 3) group 3, super lizer radiation at 20 % ; 4) group 4, super lizer radiation at 40 % ; 5) group 5, super lizer radiation at 80 %. The polarized near-infrared ray radiation was applied on LI 4 point of subject's right hand at a fixed time for 30 second. Experimental pain threshold were measured with electrical current on the right hand at 5 intervals for each radiation: 1) pretreat; 2) posttreat ; 3) posttreat of 1/2 hr ; 4) posttreat of 1 hr ; and 5) posttreat of 2 hrs. Data were analyzed using analyses of variance with repeated measures for pain threshold. No significant interaction between power output and time for pain threshold was found. Significant effects of power output and time for experimental pain threshold were found. Significant increase was noted in experimental pain threshold in group 4 and group 5 at posttreat, posttreat of 1/2, 1 hr and 2 hrs as a result of the applications of the polarized near-infrared ray radiation. This study indicate that polarized near-infrared ray radiation with above 40 % of power output increases pain threshold, thus possibly increasing options in choosing radiation output for treating pateint with pain. Further study is needed to compare the effects of these radiation in patients with clinical pain.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.693-700
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• 2004

Viscometry was applied to identify irradiated corn starch (CS), sweet potato starch (SS), and potato starch (PS) from non-irradiated controls using Brookfield DV-III programmable rheometer. Effects of starch suspension concentration (7.0-9.5%) and spindle speed (25-125 rpm) were investigated. Established optimal viscosity-measuring conditions showed the highest correlation coefficient between irradiation dose (0-6.0 kGy) and corresponding viscosities for CS, SS, and PS. Threshold values for identifying irradiated starches were suggested. Viscosities of all samples significantly decreased with increasing irradiation dose (p<0.05) and spindle speed, while increased as suspension concentration increased. Optimal conditions for suspension concentration and spindle speed were 7.5% (6.7%, d.b.) and 125rpm in CS, 8.5% (7.3%, d.b.) and 125 rpm in SS, and 9.0% (7.3%, d.b.) and 100rpm in PS, respectively. Under these measuring conditions, threshold values for discriminating unknown samples were 0.313, 0.345, and 0.811 for CS, SS, and PS in 1.5 kGy-irradiated samples, compared with 0.521, 0.798, and 1.693 in non-irradiated samples, respectively, enabling identification of irradiated from non-irradiated starches.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.76-81
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• 2005

The effects of the amount of red pepper intake per a day on the capsaicin threshold, nutrient intake, and anthropo-metric measurements were investigated in 100 female students of university. Three 24-hour recalls were performed to estimate usual nutrient and red pepper intake of free-living participants. The solutions containing capsaicin at concentration of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5ppm used for the evaluation of hot-taste detection threshold. Subjects were asked to recognize the burning sensation after tasting l0ml of each test solution in ascending order of capsaicin concentrations. Mean intake of red pepper was 4.6 g/d and the capsaicin threshold was 0.27 ppm. The detection threshold for capsaicin was correlated with the amount of pepper intake per a day. Red pepper intake was correlated with energy, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, Iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$ niacin, and vitamin E intakes. However, it was not correlated with intake of calcium, vitamin B$_1$ or vitamin C. The red pepper intake was negatively correlated with fat mass and waist girth and the capsaicin threshold was also negatively correlated with pulse. In conclusion, red pepper intake was associated with nutrient intake and capsaicin threshold whereas it was negatively correlated with fat mass and waist girth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.307-311
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• 2013

This study examined the change of artifact volume by analyzing the level of image change associated with the setting of threshold through 3D imaging in scan parameter(slice thickness and helical pitch) and 3D image reconstruction to explore whether the presence of pathology was fully distinguished when CT was taken by lower dose than the existent dose to reduce exposure. Furthermore, this study attempted to investigate Scan Parameter acceptable in CT to reduce exposure dose. For materials and methods, silicon was used to produce samples. Five spherical samples were produced at 10-millimeter intervals(50, 40, 30, 20, and 10 mm) in diameter and were fixed at 120 Kvp of tube voltage and 50 mA of tube current. Varied slab thickness((1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0mm) and Helical Pitch(1.5, 2.0, 3.0) were scanned. The image at an interval of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 7.0mm was transmitted to the workstation. Threshold(-200, -50, 50 ~ 1,000) was changed using the volume rendering technique, 3D image was reconstructed, and artifact volume was measured. In conclusion, 1.5 of Helical Pitch showed the least change of volume and 3.0 of helical pitch showed the greatest reduction of volume change. The experiment suggested that as slice thickness was increased, artifact volume was decreased more than actual measurement. Furthermore, in the 3D image reconstruction, when the range of threshold was set as -200 ~1,000, artifact volume was changed the least. Based on the results, it is expected to have an effect of reducing exposure dose.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.279-284
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• 2014

This paper proposes a novel OLED pixel circuit to compensate the threshold voltage variation of p-channel low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors (LTPS TFTs). The proposed 5-TFT OLED pixel circuit consists of 4 switching TFTs, 1 OLED driving TFT and 1 capacitor. One frame of the proposed pixel circuit is divided into initialization period, threshold voltage sensing and data programming period, data holding period and emission period. SmartSpice simulation results show that the maximum error rate of OLED current is -4.06% when the threshold voltage of driving TFT varies by ${\pm}0.25V$ and that of OLED current is 9.74% when the threshold voltage of driving TFT varies by ${\pm}0.50V$. Thus, the proposed 5T1C pixel circuit can realize uniform OLED current with high immunity to the threshold voltage variation of p-channel poly-Si TFT.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1628-1639
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• 2021

Objective: Based on the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2018 (LI-RADS, v2018), this study aimed to analyze LR-5 diagnostic performance for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) when threshold growth as a major feature is replaced by a more HCC-specific ancillary feature, as well as the frequency of threshold growth in HCC and non-HCC malignancies and its association with tumor size. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included treatment-naive patients who underwent gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRIs for focal hepatic lesions and surgery between January 2009 and December 2016. The frequency of major and ancillary features was evaluated for HCC and non-HCC malignancies, and the LR-category was assessed. Ancillary features that were significantly more prevalent in HCC were then used to either replace threshold growth or were added as additional major features, and the diagnostic performance of the readjusted LR category was compared to the LI-RADS v2018. Results: A total of 1013 observations were analyzed. Unlike arterial phase hyperenhancement, washout, or enhancing capsule which were more prevalent in HCCs than in non-HCC malignancies (521/616 vs. 18/58, 489/616 vs. 19/58, and 181/616 vs. 5/58, respectively; p < 0.001), threshold growth was more prevalent in non-HCC malignancies than in HCCs (11/23 vs. 17/119; p < 0.001). The mean size of non-HCC malignancies showing threshold growth was significantly smaller than that of non-HCC malignancies without threshold growth (22.2 mm vs. 42.9 mm, p = 0.040). Similar results were found for HCCs; however, the difference was not significant (26.8 mm vs. 33.1 mm, p = 0.184). Additionally, Fat-in-nodule was more frequent in HCCs than in non-HCC malignancies (99/616 vs. 2/58, p = 0.010). When threshold growth and fat-in-nodule were considered as ancillary and major features, respectively, LR-5 sensitivity (73.2% vs. 73.9%, p = 0.289) and specificity (98.2% vs. 98.5%, p > 0.999) were comparable to the LI-RADS v2018. Conclusion: Threshold growth is not a significant diagnostic indicator of HCC and is more common in non-HCC malignancies. The diagnostic performance of LR-5 was comparable when threshold growth was recategorized as an ancillary feature and replaced by a more HCC-specific ancillary feature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the difference of time weighted average(TWA) of noise levels and noise doses by the different operating parameter settings such as exchange rate, threshold level and criterion level for noise dosimeter in the field measurements of noise at industrial working environments. The time weighted averages of noise level and noise doses for noise working environments were determined by noise dosimeter on 80 workers employed at 20 industrial establishments of 8 industries. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The mean time weighted average(TWA) of the noise working environments by the operating parameter settings showed 93.4 dB(A) in 3 dB of exchange rate, 80 dB of threshold level and 90dB of criterion level 92.0 dB(A) in 3 dB-exchange rate, 90 dB-threshold level and 90 dB-criterion level, in 90.8 dB(A) in 5 dB of exchange rate, 80 dB of threshold level and 90 dB of criterion level, and 86.7 dB(A) in 5 dB of exchange rate, 90 dB of threshold level and 90dB of criterion level. 2. ln group of noise level less than 90 dB(A), mean TWAs of 80 dB of threshold level were significantly higher than that of 90 dB of threshold level in 3 dB and 5 dB of exchange rate. 3. The case exceeded threshold limit value of noise was 49(61.3 %) in 3dB, 80dB and 90 dB setting, 44(55.0 %) in 3 dB, 90 dB, 90 dB setting, 33(41.3 %) in 5 dB, 80dB, 90 dB setting and 26(32.5%) in 5 dB, 90 dB, 90 dB setting. Above considerations in mind, it is suggested that exchange rate and threshold level be specified in related laws and regulations in the evaluation of working environments noise.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.849-858
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• 2014

The mount of antecedent 5-day rainfall (P5) is usually used to determine the antecedent soil moisture condition for estimating effective rainfall using the NRCS-CN method. In order to re-establish the threshold of P5 considering basin characteristics, this study investigated the sensitivity of the threshold of P5 to effective rainfall by comparing the corresponding observed direct runoff. The overall results indicate that the direct runoff estimated using the re-establihed threshold of P5 has smaller mean error (RMSE of 27.3 mm) than those using the conventional threshold (RMSE of 35.2 mm). In addition, after evaluating the effectiveness of threshold of P5 using the improvement index, the threshold re-established in this study improved the ability to estimate the direct runoff by 30% on average. This study also suggested to employ regression models using topographic indices to re-establish the threshold for ungauged basins. When using the re-established threshold from the regression model, the RMSE decreased ranging from 0.4 mm to 15.1 mm and the efficiency index of Nash and Sutcliffe increased up to 0.33.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.171-183
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• 1994

Purphose. This present study examines the effect of brief, intense transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(BTENS) on sensory nerve conduction, electrical pain threshold, and two-point discrimination measured at the superficial radial nevre distribution in 20 healthy subjects. Subjects. Twenty volunteercs, (10 females and 10 males(age range : 20-38 years : $mean{\pm}SD\;:\;27.00{\pm}5.12$), only subjects without prior traumatological and pathological were eligible to participated in this study. Methods. Nerve conduction were determined for the right superficial radial nerve. Electrical pain threshold were determined for the right wrist ipsilateral to the site of BTENS. Small disc electrodes were attached to the surface of the skin stradding the end of the radius. Square wave electrical pulses were delivered from an isolated stimulator through a constant current device at a frequency of 2 Hz(5 ms pulse width). Two-point discrimination, measured on the sensory distribution of superficial radial nerve. BTENS was delivered using a Max-SD( Medical design co.) portable battery powered stimulator. A cicular Ag/AgCl electrode in contact with hypertonic saline gel was attached to the lateral(radial side) surface of the forearm. Results. No significant effects were observed between stimulation methods in the prestimulation cycle(multi-way ANOVA repeated measures : distal latency ; F1.14=0.332. amplitude ; F 0.80=0.445, pain threshold ; F0.06=0.940.2 point discrimination ; F1.50=0.236). Highly significant effects were observed time with the pretreatment and 6 posttreatment cycles(p<0.01). Mighty significants differences in nerve conduction and pain threshold were found using un multi-way ANOVA repeated measures among stimulation methods for each cycles(p<0.01). Conclusion and Discussion The authors concludes that both nerve conduction and pain threshold changes are associated with therapy (stimulation) level of BTENS.