• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.84-99
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• 2021

마이크로 모빌리티 시장 규모가 성장함에 따라 오르막길 정보를 포함한 경로 안내에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있다. 전동모터에 따라 등판 각도가 다르므로 임계치 기준별 오르막길 정보구축이 필요하다. 도로의 선형정보는 주행의 안전성과 쾌적성을 좌우하는 매우 중요한 요소임에도 전자지도에 종단 경사도에 대한 정보는 부재하다. 자율주행차 시대를 대비하여 구축 중인 정밀도로지도는 기존 국가표준 노드링크와는 달리 고도정보를 추가 생성하였으나 일부 구간에만 고도정보가 있고 도로의 종단경사를 생성할 수 있는 정보는 여전히 부족한 실정이다. 이 연구에서는 현재 활용할 수 있는 데이터를 이용하여 도로의 종단 경사도를 산출하는 방안으로 국내 수치표고모델의 고도정보를 도로의 링크 정보와 매칭하는 방법을 제시하였다. 서울시 표준링크를 기준으로 4m 단위의 고도를 생성한 후 단위 거리당 개별 경사도를 산출하였다. 이를 활용하여 도로 링크 별로 대표 경사도를 부여한 후 마이크로 모빌리티가 운행할 수 없는 도로와 폭설시 노면이 미끄러워 운행할 수 없는 도로를 선정하였다. 또한, 도로 기반정보로 활용하는 수치표고모델의 한계점과 이슈를 설명하여 실제 활용 시 주의할 사항들을 기술하였다. 향후에는 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 기존에 부재했던 도로의 종단 경사 정보를 활용하여 다양한 융합 분석을 할 수 있기를 기대한다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.647-659
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• 2023

Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the effect of correct occlusion of the left atrial appendage (LAA) on intracardiac blood flow and thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional (3D)-printed phantoms. Materials and Methods: Three life-sized 3D-printed left atrium (LA) phantoms, including a pre-occlusion (i.e., before the occlusion procedure) model and correctly and incorrectly occluded post-procedural models, were constructed based on cardiac computed tomography images from an 86-year-old male with long-standing persistent AF. A custom-made closed-loop flow circuit was set up, and pulsatile simulated pulmonary venous flow was delivered by a pump. 4D flow MRI was performed using a 3T scanner, and the images were analyzed using MATLAB-based software (R2020b; Mathworks). Flow metrics associated with blood stasis and thrombogenicity, such as the volume of stasis defined by the velocity threshold ($\left|\vec{V}\right|$ < 3 cm/s), surface-and-time-averaged wall shear stress (WSS), and endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP), were analyzed and compared among the three LA phantom models. Results: Different spatial distributions, orientations, and magnitudes of LA flow were directly visualized within the three LA phantoms using 4D flow MRI. The time-averaged volume and its ratio to the corresponding entire volume of LA flow stasis were consistently reduced in the correctly occluded model (70.82 mL and 39.0%, respectively), followed by the incorrectly occluded (73.17 mL and 39.0%, respectively) and pre-occlusion (79.11 mL and 39.7%, respectively) models. The surfaceand-time-averaged WSS and ECAP were also lowest in the correctly occluded model (0.048 Pa and 4.004 Pa^-1, respectively), followed by the incorrectly occluded (0.059 Pa and 4.792 Pa^-1, respectively) and pre-occlusion (0.072 Pa and 5.861 Pa^-1, respectively) models. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a correctly occluded LAA leads to the greatest reduction in LA flow stasis and thrombogenicity, presenting a tentative procedural goal to maximize clinical benefits in patients with AF.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2013

Social commerce has been gaining explosive popularity, with typical examples of the model such as Groupon and Level Up. Both local business owners and consumers can benefit from this new e-commerce model. Local business owners have a chance to access potential customers and promote their products in a way that could not have otherwise been easily possible, and consumers can enjoy discounted offerings. However, questions have been increasingly raised about the value and future of the social commerce model. A recent survey shows that about a third of 324 business owners who ran a daily-deal promotion in Groupon went behind. Furthermore, more than half of the surveyed merchants did not express enthusiasm about running the promotion again. The same goes for the case in Korea, where more than half of the surveyed clients reported no significant change or even decrease in profits compared to before the use of social commerce model. Why do local business owners fail to exploit the benefits from the promotions and advertisements through the social commerce model and to make profits? Without answering this question, the model would fall under suspicion and even its sustainability might be challenged. This study aims to look into problems in the current social commerce transactions and provide implications for the social commerce model, so that the model would get a foothold for next growth. Drawing on justice theory, this study develops theoretical arguments for the effects of transaction characteristics on consumers' distributive justice and purchase intention in the social commerce. Specifically, this study focuses on two characteristics of social commerce transactions-the discount rate and the purchase rate of products-and investigates their effects on consumers' perception of distributive justice for discounted transactions in the social commerce and their perception of distributive justice for regular-priced transactions. This study also examines the relationship between distributive justice and purchase intention. We conducted an online experiment and gathered data from 115 participants to test the hypotheses. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of nine manipulated scenarios of social commerce transactions, which were generated based on the combination of three levels of purchase rate (high, medium, and low) and three levels of discount rate (high, medium, and low). We conducted MANOVA and post-hoc ANOVA to test hypotheses about the relationships between the transaction characteristics (purchase rate and discount rate) and distributive justice for each of the discounted transaction and the regular-priced transaction. We also employed a PLS analysis to test relations between distributive justice and purchase intentions. Analysis results show that a higher discount rate increases distributive justice for the discounted transaction but decreases distributive justice for the regular-priced transaction. This, coupled with the result that distributive justice for each type of transaction has a positive effect on the corresponding purchase intention, implies that a large discount in the social commerce may be helpful for attracting consumers, but harmful to the business after the promotion. However, further examination reveals curvilinear effects of the discount rate on both types of distributive justice. Specifically, we find distributive justice for the discounted transaction increases concavely as the discount rate increases while distributive justice for the regular-priced transaction decreases concavely with the dscount rate. This implies that there exists an appropriate discount rate which could promote the discounted transaction while not hurting future business of regular-priced transactions. Next, the purchase rate is found to be a critical factor that facilitates the regular-priced transaction. It has a convexly positive influence on distributive justice for the transaction. Therefore, an increase of the rate beyond some threshold would lead to a substantial level of distributive justice for the regular-priced transaction, threrby boosting future transactions. This implies that social commerce firms and sellers should employ various non-price stimuli to promote the purchase rate. Finally, we find no significant relationship between the purchase rate and distributive justice for the discounted transaction. Based on the above results, we provide several implications with future research directions.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제11C권4호
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• pp.409-418
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• 2004

인터넷상에서 멀티캐스트 서비스가 급속도로 증가하고 있으며 이에 따라 멀티캐스트 통신의 보안을 유지하는 것이 중요하다. 멤버의 탈퇴는 그룹키 관리의 확장성 문제와 밀접한 관계가 있다. 그룹의 한 멤버가 제거되면 새로운 그룹키를 생성하여 그룹의 나머지 모든 멤버들에게 전달되어야 한다. 새로운 키를 생성하여 분배하는 것은 많은 연산을 요구하므로 rekey하기 위하여 보내는 메시지의 수와 복합키를 생성하기 위한 연산비용을 최소화하는 것은 키 관리기법을 평가하는 중요한 기준이다. 일괄제거는 멤버를 순차적으로 1개씩 제거하는 것보다 rekey에 대한 메시지의 수와 복합키의 연산 비용을 줄일 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 그룹에서 제거될 멤버들간의 해밍거리가 임계치보다 작은 멤버들만 동시에 제거된다. 여러 개의 멤버를 제거할 때 라운드 조정 알고리즘을 수행하면 rekey를 위하여 메시지의 수와 복합키를 생성하기 위한 연산의 비용을 줄이며 공모공격의 가능성이 제거되는 이점이 있다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2014

FCM 기반하이브리드 RBF 네트워크는 서로 다른 학습 구조가 결합된 혼합형 모델로서, 입력층과 중간층의 학습 구조는 FCM 알고리즘을 적용하고, 중간층과 출력층 사이의 학습 구조는 Max_Min 알고리즘을 적용한다. 입력층과 중간층의 학습시 입력 벡터와 중간층의 노드 중에서 중심과 입력 벡터간의 가장 가까운 노드를 승자 노드로 선택하여 출력층으로 전달한다. 그리고 중간층과 출력층 사이의 학습구조인 Max_Min 신경망은 중간층의 승자 뉴런이 입력벡터로 적용된다. 그러나 많은 패턴이 입력벡터로 제시될 경우에는 학습성능이 저하되는 단점이 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 중간층과 출력층의 학습 구조인 Max_Min 알고리즘의 학습 성능을 향상시키기 위해 퍼지 논리 시스템을 이용한 학습률 자동 조정 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 목표값과 출력값의 차이에 대한 절대값이 0.1보다 적거나 같으면 정확성으로 분류하고 크면 부정확성으로 분류한다. 정확성의 총 개수를 퍼지 제어 시스템에 적용하여 학습률을 동적으로 조정한다. 제안된 방법의 학습 및 인식 성능을 평가하기 위해 컨테이너에서 추출한 숫자, 영문 식별자를 인식 및 성능평가 실험에 적용한 결과, 제안된 방법이 문자 패턴 인식에 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2014

프랙탈 이론은 원격센서로부터 취득한 수치표고모델이나 이미지의 복잡성을 계량화하기 위하여 광범위하게 사용되어 왔다. 프랙탈은 컴퓨터 그래픽, 공학, 지질학을 포함한 다양한 분야에서 성공적으로 응용되어 왔지만, 프랙탈 추정자들의 성능은 데이터 샘플링에 따라 달라진다. 본 논문에서는 삼각프리즘법과 새로운 샘플링법을 기반으로 프랙탈 차원을 추정하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 샘플링 방법은 기존의 기하학적 스텝법과 제수 스텝법의 스텝크기 합집합 중 픽셀 활용률이 문턱값(threshold value) 이상인 스텝크기만을 취해 샘플링하며, 이를 통해 픽셀 활용률을 높여 성능을 개선한다. 또한 기존의 추정법들이 $N{\times}N$ 윈도우를 기반으로 하는데 반해 제안된 방법은 $N{\times}M$ 윈도우에 확대 적용할 수 있도록 하였다. 제안한 방법은 프랙탈 수치표고모델, Brodatz의 이미지 DB와 캠퍼스에서 촬영한 이미지에 적용하여 그 효용성을 살핀다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.335-343
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• 2020

Background: Zhongyi paste is a traditional Chinese medicine herbal paste that is externally applied to reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Methods: An acute foot swelling inflammation model in C57BL/6J mice was established by carrageenan-induced pathogenesis. Zhongyi paste raised the pain threshold and also reduced the degree of swelling in mice with carrageenan-induced foot swelling. Results: Analysis indicated that serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) cytokine levels and PGE₂ levels in the paw tissue of the mice were decreased by Zhongyi paste treatment. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot results showed that Zhongyi paste downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and also downregulated the mRNA expression of PGE₂. At the same time, the Zhongyi paste exerted a stronger effect as an external drug than that of indomethacin, which is an oral drug, and voltaren, which is an externally applied drug. Conclusions: Our results indicated that Zhongyi paste is a very effective drug to reduce inflammatory swelling of the foot, and its mechanism of action is related to regulation of the ERK1/2-COX-2-PGE₂ pathway.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.3782-3796
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• 2020

A three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction is an important research area in computer vision. The ability to detect and match features across multiple views of a scene is a critical initial step. The tracking matrix W obtained from a 3D reconstruction can be applied to structure from motion (SFM) algorithms for 3D modeling. We often fail to generate an acceptable number of features when processing face or medical images because such images typically contain large homogeneous regions with minimal variation in intensity. In this study, we seek to locate sufficient matching points not only in general images but also in face and medical images, where it is difficult to determine the feature points. The algorithm is implemented on an adaptive threshold value, a scale invariant feature transform (SIFT), affine SIFT, speeded up robust features (SURF), and affine SURF. By applying the algorithm to face and general images and studying the geometric errors, we can achieve quasi-dense matching points that satisfy well-functioning geometric constraints. We also demonstrate a 3D reconstruction with a respectable performance by applying a column space fitting algorithm, which is an SFM algorithm.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5517-5523
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• 2012

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonograph and fine-needle aspiration cytologic examination (USG-FNAC) in the staging of axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients.Methods: We conducted an electronic search of the literature addressing the performance of USG-FNAC in diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastasis in databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane library. We introduced a series of diagnostic test indices to evaluate the performance of USG-FNAC by the random effect model (REM), including sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratios and area under the curve (AUC). Results: A total of 20 studies including 1371 cases and 1289 controls were identified. The pooled sensitivity was determined to be 0.66 (95% CI 0.64-0.69), specificity 0.98 (95% CI 0.98-0.99), positive likelihood ratio 22.7 (95% CI 15.0-34.49), negative likelihood ratio 0.32 (95% CI 0.25-0.41), diagnostic OR 84.2 (95% CI 53.3-133.0). Due to the marginal threshold effect found in some indices of diagnostic validity, we used a summary SROC curve to aggregate data, and obtained a symmetrical curve with an AUC of 0.942. Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis indicated that the USG-FNAC techniques have acceptable diagnostic validity indices and can be used for early staging of axillary lymph node in breast cancer patients.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.315-333
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• 2016

This study aims to perform damage identification for Da-Sheng-Guan (DSG) high-speed railway truss arch bridge using fuzzy clustering analysis. Firstly, structural health monitoring (SHM) system is established for the DSG Bridge. Long-term field monitoring strain data in 8 different cases caused by high-speed trains are taken as classification reference for other unknown cases. And finite element model (FEM) of DSG Bridge is established to simulate damage cases of the bridge. Then, effectiveness of one fuzzy clustering analysis method named transitive closure method and FEM results are verified using the monitoring strain data. Three standardization methods at the first step of fuzzy clustering transitive closure method are compared: extreme difference method, maximum method and non-standard method. At last, the fuzzy clustering method is taken to identify damage with different degrees and different locations. The results show that: non-standard method is the best for the data with the same dimension at the first step of fuzzy clustering analysis. Clustering result is the best when 8 carriage and 16 carriage train in the same line are in a category. For DSG Bridge, the damage is identified when the strain mode change caused by damage is more significant than it caused by different carriages. The corresponding critical damage degree called damage threshold varies with damage location and reduces with the increase of damage locations.