• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.509-516
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• 2004

한우 종모우 선발을 위한 유전능력 평가에서 고려되는 형질들 중 이산형 형태로 조사되는 근내지방도의 유전변이가 추정방법에 따라 어느 정도 차이가 있는지 알아보기 위한 모의실험을 실시하였다. 모의실험 자료는 연속변량으로 간주되는 도체중 및 배장근단면적과 근내지방도의 잠재변수를 다변량 정규분포함수에서 생성하였고 근내지방도의 잠재변수를 이용하여 특정 임계값을 중심으로 순서화된 근내지방도 점수로 변화 하였따. 근내지방도의 점수 부여방법으로써 비거세우에서 조사된 근내지방도의 점수 1${\sim}$5점 사이에 정규분포에서 크게 어긋나는 분포특성을 갖도록 자료(DSI)를 생성하였고 또한 한우 거세우에서 현재 조사되고 있는 점수 1${\sim}$7점 사이에 정규 분포에 좀더 접근한 분포특성을 갖는 모의 자료(DS2)를 생성하였다. 분석방법간에 유전변이 추정의 정확도를 알아보기 위하여 1) 생성된 이들 자료를 선형으로 간주하고 다형질 혼합 선형 개체모형에서 REML 분석방법으로 유전변이를 추정하였고 2) 특정 임계치를 중심으로 잠재변수가 존재한다는 가정하에 다형질 임계 개체 혼합모형을 설정하여 Gibbs sampling 방법으로 유전변이를 추정하였다. 여기서 추정된 유전변이(유전력, 유전상관 및 잔차상관)에 대하여 모수와의 차이를 검정함으로써 편의되는 정도를 알아보았다. 모의실험은 각 자료에 대하여 10회 실시하였다. 분석결과, 근내지방도의 유전력 추정치는 DS1에서는 다형질 임계개체혼합모형을 설정하여 Gibbs sampling 방법으로 모수에 대한 사후분포의 평균으로 계산한 결과 참값과 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 반면에 근내지방도를 선형으로 간주하고 다형질 선형 개체혼합모형에 의한 유전력 추정치는 모수보다 매우 낮은 유전력을 보였다(0.500 vs 0.315). 유전상관 추정치는 선형모형에서의 REML 방법 또는 임계모형에서의Gibbs sampling 방법에서 모두 모수와 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 분석되었으나 근내지방도의 잔차상관에 있어서 REML 방법으로 분석하였을 경우에 모수보다 낮게 추정되었다. 반면에 범주형 모형에서는 모수와 추정치 간에 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 7개의 범주형으로 조사된 자료(DS2)에서 이들 추정치는 DS1에서와 동일한 경향을 보였는데 그 편의 정도는 다소 적어지는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 이산형으로 조사되는 근내지방도에 대한 유전변이를 추정하기 위해서는 범주형 임계모형이 선형모형 보다 사소 정확한 추정을 할 수 있을 것으로 판단 되었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.16-27
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of heat stress on the growth traits and genetic parameters of Thai native chickens. Methods: A total of 16,487 records for growth traits of Thai native chickens between 2017 and 2022 were used in this study. Data included the body weight at birth, body weight at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age (BW0, BW4, BW8, BW12), average daily gain during 0 to 4, 4 to 8, and 8 to 12 weeks of age (ADG0-4, ADG4-8, ADG8-12), absolute growth rate at birth, at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of age (AGR0, AGR4, AGR8, AGR12). The repeatability test day model used the reaction-norm procedure to analyze the threshold point of heat stress, rate of decline of growth traits, and genetic parameters. Results: At temperature and humidity index (THI) of 76, Thai native chickens began to lose their growth traits, which was the onset of heat stress in this study. The estimated heritability, genetic correlation between animal and heat stress effect, and correlations between the intercept and slope of the permanent environmental effects were 0.27, -0.85, and -0.83 for BW, 0.17, -0.81, and -0.95 for ADG, 0.25, -0.61, and -0.83 for AGR, respectively. Male chickens are more affected by heat stress than female chickens with a greater reduction of BW, ADG, and AGR, values equal to -9.30, -0.23, -15.21 (in males) and -6.04, -0.21, -10.10 (in females) gram per 1 level increase of THI from the THI of 76. Conclusion: The influence of thermal stress had a strong effect on the decline in growth traits and genetic parameters in Thai native chickens. This study indicated that genetic models used in conjunction with THI data are an effective method for the analysis and assessment of the effects of heat stress on the growth traits and genetics of native chickens.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.192-198
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• 2018

Background: Chronic inflammation can lower the seizure threshold and have influence on epileptogenesis. The components of red ginseng (RG) have anti-inflammatory effects. The abundance of peripherally derived immune cells in resected epileptic tissue suggests that the immune system is a potential target for anti-epileptogenic therapies. The present study used continuous electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of RG in intrahippocampal kainic acid (IHKA) animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods: Prolonged status epilepticus (SE) was induced in 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice via stereotaxic injection of kainic acid (KA, 150 nL; 1 mg/mL) into the right CA3/dorsal hippocampus. The animals were implanted electrodes and monitored for spontaneous seizures. Following the IHKA injections, one group received treatments of RG (250 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks (RG group, n=7) while another group received valproic acid (VPA, 30 mg/kg/day) (VPA group, n=7). Laboratory findings and pathological results were assessed at D29 and continuous (24 h/week) EEG monitoring was used to evaluate high-voltage sharp waves on D7, D14, D21, and D28. Results: At D29, there were no differences between the groups in liver function test but RG group had higher blood urea nitrogen levels. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that RG reduced the infiltration of immune cells into the brain and EEG analyses showed that it had anticonvulsant effects. Conclusion: Repeated treatments with RG after IHKA-induced SE decreased immune cell infiltration into the brain and resulted in a marked decrease in electrographic seizures. RG had anticonvulsant effects that were similar to those of VPA without serious side effects.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 1999

Following peripheral nerve injury, rats will show a tactile allodynia and hyperalgesia. But the mechanism of allodynia is still obscure. The present studies, using rats rendered allodynia by loosely constrictive ligation of the common sciatic nerve (Bennett Model) and tight ligation of L5 & L6 spinal nerve (Chung Model), aimed to investigate the changes of metabotrophic glutamate receptor type 5 on the development of tactile allodynia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (130~200 g) were anesthetized with halothane, the rats were randomly divided into one of these three groups, Group 1 (Sham operation), Group 2 (Bennett model) and Group 3 (Chung model). Seven days after surgical procedure, the animal was reanesthetized and decapitated. The spinal cord was quickly removed and stored at deep freezer for polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In Group 2&3, rats showed that tactile allodynia checked by up-down method with calibrated 8 von Frey hair. The level of gene expression of mGluR5 mRNA was significantly increased in group 2 and 3. These increases was significantly different from sham operation, group 1. It was also showed that the increasing patterns of group 2 and 3 in the gene expression were similar correlation with the results of the threshold for tactile allodynia on von Frey hair test. Even though there were some differences between Bennett model and Chung model, these results suggested that mGluR5 had partly attributed to making a tactile allodynia from these models.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.496-502
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• 2010

산성 식염수 쥐모델은 사람의 섬유근통에 근접한 모델로 제시되고 있다. 포도씨에서 얻은 oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPC)는 항산화제로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 산성 식염수 모델에서 통증 역치에 대한 OPC의 효과를 연구했다. 좌측 장딴지 근육에 pH 4.0의 산성 식염수 $100\;{\mu}l$를 0일과 5일에 주사했다. 대조군은 pH 7.2의 생리 식염수를 같은 스케줄로 주사했다. 산성 식염수 그룹 10마리를 다시 두 그룹으로 나누어 한 그룹은 멸균 식염수, 다른 한 그룹은 OPC 300 mg/kg를 복강 내 주사했다. 복강 내 주사 한시간 후 다시 통각에 대한 역치를 조사했다. 0일에 비해 7일에서 산성 식염수 모델은 기계적 과통각을 나타냈다(p<0.05). OPC 300 mg/kg를 복강내 주사한 그룹에서 강력한 항통각 효과를 나타냈다(주사측 발바닥, p=0.001; 반대측 발바닥, p=0.002). 면역조직화학 염색상 복강내 식염수를 처치한 대조군에 비해 OPC 처치군에서 대뇌의 M1 및 M2 영역에서 산-감지 이온 통로3의 발현이 감소되었다(p<0.05). 사람의 섬유근통에서 OPC 치료의 효과를 보기 위한 연구가 향후 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.926-935
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• 2015

The efficiency of genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) depends on power of detection for quantitative trait loci (QTL) and precision for QTL mapping. In this study, three different strategies for GWAS were applied to detect QTL for carcass quality traits in the Korean cattle, Hanwoo; a linkage disequilibrium single locus regression method (LDRM), a combined linkage and linkage disequilibrium analysis (LDLA) and a $BayesC{\pi}$ approach. The phenotypes of 486 steers were collected for weaning weight (WWT), yearling weight (YWT), carcass weight (CWT), backfat thickness (BFT), longissimus dorsi muscle area, and marbling score (Marb). Also the genotype data for the steers and their sires were scored with the Illumina bovine 50K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips. For the two former GWAS methods, threshold values were set at false discovery rate <0.01 on a chromosome-wide level, while a cut-off threshold value was set in the latter model, such that the top five windows, each of which comprised 10 adjacent SNPs, were chosen with significant variation for the phenotype. Four major additive QTL from these three methods had high concordance found in 64.1 to 64.9Mb for Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 7 for WWT, 24.3 to 25.4Mb for BTA14 for CWT, 0.5 to 1.5Mb for BTA6 for BFT and 26.3 to 33.4Mb for BTA29 for BFT. Several candidate genes (i.e. glutamate receptor, ionotropic, ampa 1 [GRIA1], family with sequence similarity 110, member B [FAM110B], and thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box [TOX]) may be identified close to these QTL. Our result suggests that the use of different linkage disequilibrium mapping approaches can provide more reliable chromosome regions to further pinpoint DNA makers or causative genes in these regions.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.555-566
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to assess the genetic parameters and accuracy of genomic predictions for twenty-four linear body conformation traits and overall conformation scores in Korean Holstein dairy cows. Methods: A dataset of 2,206 Korean Holsteins was collected, and genotyping was performed using the Illumina Bovine 50K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip. The traits investigated included body traits (stature, height at front end, chest width, body depth, angularity, body condition score, and locomotion), rump traits (rump angle, rump width, and loin strength), feet and leg traits (rear leg set, rear leg rear view, foot angle, heel depth, and bone quality), udder traits (udder depth, udder texture, udder support, fore udder attachment, front teat placement, front teat length, rear udder height, rear udder width, and rear teat placement), and overall conformation score. Accuracy of genomic predictions was assessed using the single-trait animal model genomic best linear unbiased prediction method implemented in the ASReml-SA v4.2 software. Results: Heritability estimates ranged from 0.10 to 0.50 for body traits, 0.21 to 0.35 for rump traits, 0.13 to 0.29 for feet and leg traits, and 0.05 to 0.46 for udder traits. Rump traits exhibited the highest average heritability (0.29), while feet and leg traits had the lowest estimates (0.21). Accuracy of genomic predictions varied among the twenty-four linear body conformation traits, ranging from 0.26 to 0.49. The heritability and prediction accuracy of genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) for the overall conformation score were 0.45 and 0.46, respectively. The GEBVs for body conformation traits in Korean Holstein cows had low accuracy, falling below the 50% threshold. Conclusion: The limited response to selection for body conformation traits in Korean Holsteins may be attributed to both the low heritability of these traits and the lower accuracy estimates for GEBVs. Further research is needed to enhance the accuracy of GEBVs and improve the selection response for these traits.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제29권
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• pp.4.1-4.10
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• 2014

Objectives Effects of nanoparticles including zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles, and their mixtures on skin corrosion and irritation were investigated by using in vitro 3D human skin models ($KeraSkin^{TM}$) and the results were compared to those of an in vivo animal test. Methods Skin models were incubated with nanoparticles for a definite time period and cell viability was measured by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Skin corrosion and irritation were identified by the decreased viability based on the pre-determined threshold. Results Cell viability after exposure to nanomaterial was not decreased to the pre-determined threshold level, which was 15% after 60 minutes exposure in corrosion test and 50% after 45 minutes exposure in the irritation test. IL-$1{\alpha}$ release and histopathological findings support the results of cell viability test. In vivo test using rabbits also showed non-corrosive and non-irritant results. Conclusions The findings provide the evidence that zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles and their mixture are 'non corrosive' and 'non-irritant' to the human skin by a globally harmonized classification system. In vivo test using animals can be replaced by an alternative in vitro test.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.180-189
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• 2003

The experiments were designated to evaluate the anti-nociceptive effect of low power laser stimulation on acupoint or non-acupoint using arthrogenic solution induced poly arthritis animal model. Evaluation of potential antinociceptive effect of low power laser on arthritis has employed measurements of the foot bending test, the development of either thermal or mechanical hyperalgesia following the arthritis induction. The analysis of thermal hyperalgesia includes Hargreaves's method. Randall-Sellitto test was utilized for evaluating mechanical hyperalgesia. In addition, the antinociceptive effect of low power laser stimulation on arthritis induced spinal Fos expression was analyzed using a computerized image analysis system. The results were summerized as follows: 1. In laser stimulation on acupoint treated animal, laser stimulation dramatically inhibited the development of pain in foot bending test as compared to those of non acupoint treated animal group and non treated animal group. 2. The threshold of thermal stimulation was significantly increased by low power laser stimulation on acupoint as compared to that of non treated control group. 3. Laser stimulation on acupoint dramatically attenuated the development of mechanical hyperalgesia as compared to that of non treated group. 4. Low power laser stimulation on acupoint significantly suppressed arthritis induced Fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord at 3 week post arthritis induction. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that low power laser stimulation on acupoint has potent anti-nociceptive effect on arthritis. Additional supporting data for an antinociceptive effect of laser stimulation was obtained using Fos immunohistochemical analysis on spinal cord section. Those data indicated that laser stimulation induced antinociception was mediated by suppression of spinal neuron activity in pain sensation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.361-370
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• 2017

Previous reports have suggested that physical and psychological stresses may trigger fibromyalgia (FM). Stress is an important risk factor in the development of depression and memory impairments. Antidepressants have been used to prevent stress-induced abnormal pain sensation. Among various antidepressants, tianeptine has been reported to be able to prevent neurodegeneration due to chronic stress and reverse decreases in hippocampal volume. To assess the possible effect of tianeptine on FM symptoms, we constructed a FM animal model induced by restraint stress with intermittent cold stress. All mice underwent nociceptive assays using electronic von Frey anesthesiometer and Hargreaves equipment. To assess the relationship between tianeptine and expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed. In behavioral analysis, nociception tests showed that pain threshold was significantly decreased in the FM group compared to that in the control group. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus showed downregulation of BDNF and p-CREB proteins in the FM group compared to the control group. However, tianeptine recovered these changes in behavioral tests and protein level. Therefore, this FM animal model might be useful for investigating mechanisms linking BDNF-CREB pathway and pain. Our results suggest that tianeptine might potentially have therapeutic efficacy for FM.