• Korean Security Journal
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• no.12
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• pp.291-308
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• 2006

A regular aperture occurs between persons controlled and a person governing the society according to national formation and development. A ruler is subdivided into a king, the President, or the highest controller who can feel the uncertainty of ruler's position. To protect those people, it is called guard that used all possible means and ways to protect those people or remove the danger. An opening of guard was related to enhancement of royal authority or centralism. Firstly a military organization had acted for this, but the organization gradually became independent according to it's subdivision and systematization. During the period of the Three States and Unified Silla, the guard was needed new management system by enhancement of royal authority, expansion of the territory, and establishment of centralism. The new management system that organized the group of vassal and Siweebu take charge of guarding the king or serving as private soldiers. In the end of Silla, as a wide range of reformation of government organization, the organization of vassal like Jungsasung and Sunkyosung that developed as not only guard the king and prince but also hold the business writing.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.4 no.2 s.8
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• pp.45-64
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• 1995

This study examines the Section of 'Housing Regulations' in The Chronicles of the Three States (${\ulcorner}$三國史記${\lrcorner}$ 屋舍條) to verify the residential architecture during the period of the Unified Silla Dynasty. Through the study, the basic architectural terms in the Section of 'Housing Regulations', such as the size of the building, glazing roof tile, animal-shaped ornamental piece on roof ridge, eave purlin, wooden bracket arms, roof decoration, decorative paintings, stone steps, wall structure, blind screen, folding screen, bedstead, and gate are analyzed, interpreted and defined, and, in addition, the forms and styles of the residential architecture during the period of the Unified Silla Dynasty are basically reconstructed.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.4 no.2 s.8
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• pp.25-44
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• 1995

Bricks are the earliest man-made building materials. Small-size bar bricks were found in use in the Warring States Period(戰國時代) in China. During the Qin(秦) and the Han(漢) Dynasties, brick constructions were built on a larger scale, but most of them were tombs. In case of Korea, bricks were found in use in the Three Kingdoms Period, but also most of them were tombs. Starting from the Unified Silla Period(統一新羅時代), brick gradually became a universal practice to built Buddhist Pagodas with bar bricks. Brick pagodas emergence marked a stage where technological progress made it possible for man to built high-rise brick work, and their dvelopment further perfected masonry technique and enabled building technology to attain new heights. Though from the very start brick pagodas existed side by side with stone pagodas, at the enitial stage they were overshadowed by their wooden counterparts and stone counterparts, because masonry thechiques were then still rather primitive, while woodwork and stonework had already reached a fairly advaced stage. The pagodas in ancient Korea were closely related to the Chinese stupa, which consisted of three parts, namely, the base, the body and the spire. The fact was, soon after the stupas were introduced into Korea, the Korean stupas began to develop features of their own. Korean brick pagodas were made up of a single-storeyed square base, multi-storeyed square body with a small gate, and a steel post with several layers of lotus flower superimposed one on the other.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.603-622
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• 2013

Egg is a food that has been loved from ancient times by people all around the world. It has been called a present from god because its rounded shape was believed to refer to the earth. We found the oldest and most perfectly preserved egg fossil at Chunmachong (天馬) in Kyungju (慶州). We believe that it was used during the period of the Three States or the unified Silla (新羅), and, accordingly, it was a noble food that has been found at the king's grave of the age. Egg, which is called egg of chicken in Korean, was written as egg of chicken (鷄卵), son of chicken (鷄子), bird's egg of chicken (鷄蛋), and round thing of chicken (鷄丸) in the Korean alphabet and Chinese characters. The ancient countries had the following myths about eggs In myths about offspring by egg, they were born as heaven's will to make them god. There were 19 proverbs: 'Hitting a rock with an egg', 'It's like the yellow part of an egg' and 'Even an egg stops when it rolls', etc. According to a theory of divination based on topography, people use eggs when they find a good place. There are 10 proverbs (四字 成語): Dongjiipran (冬至立卵), Nanyeoseoktu (卵與石投) etc. Studies for analysis of egg recipes found in the old literature (cooking, agriculture and fishing, and medical books) in the Chosun Dynasty recorded 36 times where cuisine with egg was mentioned as the main ingredient, 154 times as a sub-ingredient, 79 times as a garnish, and 20 times etc. As a garnish, they were 'finely sliced', 'thin rectangular and the rhombus form', and 'rounded shape'; after grilling they were divided into yellow and white parts. When cooked, they were used in comparison of the size or shape of an object with that of other objects.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.647-655
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• 2018

Someone said Chongkukjang(淸麴醬) might be a Jang(醬) that made it possible to eat quickly at the time of war, and it is called Jonkukjang(戰國醬), or it might have been learned from the Qing Dynasty, and it was also called Chongkukjang(淸國醬) or Jonsijang(煎?醬). It is not true. Even more they say the first appearance of Chongkukjang in the Korean ancient documents is in "Jeungbosallimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)" of the 1700s. Other argument is that Chongkukjang is also known as the Three Kingdoms since it was in the records of 'Shi(?)' which means Meju and chongkukjang written in "The Chronicles of the Three States(三國史記)". It is not clear whether Chongkukjang was introduced from the Qing Dynasty (1600s) or from the Three kingdom period. In this article, the history of Chongkukjang was studied through the records of ancient documents. There was a Chongkukjang(?) in Goguryeo and Silla era. Chongkukjang was called as Jyonkuk(젼국), Chyonkuk(쳔국), Chyongkuk(?국), and it was written as '?' as the Chinese character. Chongkukjang began to be perceived as Jang such as Doenjang and Gochujang at some time, and it was used as Jonsijang, Jonkukjang, but now it was unified as Chongkukjang(淸國醬). The meaning of '?' also means Chongkukjang until the 1500s, and after 1600, it happened to be it's meaning is changed to Meju and Doenjang. There is no evidence that Chongkukjang has history of war or food related to the Qing Dynasty. Chongkukjang has more than 2200 years of history, but since it was there before it recorded, it had a history of thousands of years earlier than this.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.371-380
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• 2011

For studying of the characteristics and structures of material in lacquer layer in Joseon Dynasty, 6 types and 7 pieces of sample were observed with the optical microscope and the polarizing microscope. For analyzing, SEM-EDS and FT-IR were used and TOF-SIMS was also used on trial. The former is directly varnished on the iron layer so the sample includes more iron component than the others. In the results of the trial analyzing in TOF-SIMS, it is possible to verify the minerals on the foundation layer with the infinitesimalsample. The analysis results of lacquer layer with FT-IR are compared with previous studies and all the samples have the spectrum of the lacquer. Through the result of the Joseon lacquer layer, there are not many samples, however, when it compared with unified Silla, the period of the Three States, and the previous era, the lacquer layers are simpler than the relics from previous era. It looks to have the relation with the simplification of manufacturing method because of expanding of the using of lacquer wares.