• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2007

Objective : Determining the location of paraclinoid aneurysms for microsurgery is important for selecting treatment options, especially when deciding on the release of the dural ring in direct clipping. We examined the reliability of using the optic strut as an anatomical landmark for evaluating the location of paraclinoid aneurysms. Methods : Cadaveric dissection was performed to establish the relationship of the optic strut to the dural ring. Results from these anatomic studies were compared with the three-demensional computed tomographic angiographic [3D-CTA] findings of nine patients with ten paraclinoid aneurysms between May 2004 and October 2005. These, 3D-CTA results were then compared with intraoperative findings. Results : The inferior boundary of the optic strut accurately localized the point at the proximal dural ring in cadaveric study. The optic strut and its relationship to the aneurysms was well observed on the multiplanar reformats of 3D-CTA. During microsurgery, nine of ten aneurysms were verified to arise from distal to the upper surface of the optic strut. Two aneurysms that had arisen between the inferior and superior boundary of the optic strut were observed to lie within the carotid cave. One aneurysm which had arisen at the inferior boundary of the optic strut and directed inferiorly was observed to lie within the cavernous sinus just after the release of the proximal ring. Conclusion : The optic strut, as identified with multiplanar reformats of 3D-CTA, provided a reliable anatomic landmark for the proximal rings and an important information about the location of aneurysms around the anterior clinoid process (ACP). Therefore, 3D-CTA and the optic strut could become an invaluable tool and a landmark in the assessment of the location of paraclinoid aneurysms for microsurgery.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2013

Background: In cleft lip patients, the necessity of a thorough preoperative analysis of facial deformities before reconstruction is unquestioned. The surgical plan of cleft lip patient is based on the information gained from our preoperative anthropometric evaluation. A variety of commercially available three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging systems are currently introduced to us in plastic surgery for these use. However, few studies have been published on the soft tissue morphology of unrepaired cleft infants described by these 3D surface imaging systems. Methods: The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of facial anthropometric measurements obtained through digital 3D photogrammetry and to compare with direct anthropometry for measurement in unilateral cleft lip patients. We compared our patients with three measurements of dimension made on both sides: heminasal width, labial height, and transverse lip length. Results: The preoperative measurements were not significantly different in both side of labial height and left side of heminasal width. Statistically significant differences were found on both side of transverse lip length and right side of heminasal width. Although the half of preoperative measurements were significantly different, trends of results showed average results were comparable. Conclusion: This is the first study in Korea to simultaneously compare digital 3D photogrammetry with traditional direct anthropometry in unilateral cleft lip patients. We desire this study could contribute the methodological choice of the many researchers for proper surgical planning in cleft lip reconstruction field.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.155-166
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• 1995

The aim of this paper was to investigate images of neighborhood parks and pergola facilities. 280 individuals responded to the 19 semantic differential pollar terms for all four parks. A 7-point semantic differential scale was used. Results from the data analysis suggest several important findings; 1. Mean scores were significantly different in most of S.D.scales according to park and pergola facilities types. As compared with park, S.D.scales values of pergola varied with its visual identity in the spatial composition of park. 2. Data from the factor analysis revealed that four dimensions appeared for all park and pergola types : "Evaluation ", "Potentiality", "Variety", and "Familiarity". 3. In terms of the "Familiarity" dimension, Omok park and its pergola were viewed a ssignificantly more familiar than any of the other three areas. 4. Parks were perceived more positive than pergolas images in the dimensions of "Evaluation ", "Variety", and "Familiarity". 5. Regression analysis showed that "Evaluation "and "Variety" dimensions were mainly related to visual preference.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2019

Background: After closed reduction, patients are sometimes concerned that their external nasal shapes have changed. The aim of this study was to investigate and explain changes in nasal shape after surgery through objective photogrammetric anthropometry measurements taken through three-dimensional (3D) reformed computed tomography (CT) images. Methods: Our study included 100 Korean patients who underwent closed reduction of isolated nasal bone fracture from January 2016 to June 2017. Using the ruler tool in Adobe Photoshop CS3, we measured preoperative and postoperative nasal base heights, long nostril axis lengths, both nasal alar angles, and amount of nasal deviation through the 3D reformation of soft tissue via CT scans. We then compared the dimension of nose. Results: The amount of postoperative correction for nasal base height was 1.192 mm. The differences in nostril length between each side were found to be 0.333 mm preoperatively and 0.323 mm postoperatively. The differences in the nasal alar angle between each side was $1.382^{\circ}$ preoperatively and $1.043^{\circ}$ postoperatively. The amount of nasal deviation was found to be 5.248 mm preoperatively and 1.024 mm in postoperatively. Conclusion: After the reduction of nasal bone fractures, changes in nasal dimensions were noticeable in terms of nasal deviation but less significant in nasal tips, except for changes in nasal alar angles, which were notable.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.758-769
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• 2021

Today, functional gloves must allow the wearer to perform many kinds of delicate work while protecting the hands from hazardous materials. In this study, multiple analyses of 3D hand measurements were performed to provide information on the hand size and shape required for the design of functional gloves for adult men. Size and shape characteristics were identified from 19 different hand measurements, and three factors were collected through factor analysis. The aggregated factor score was used to classify men's hand shapes into three types. These types showed different distribution patterns according to age, indicating a significant distribution difference between hand type and age group. Discriminant analysis extracted nine items that highly contributed to determining hand type. However, since the data provided by Size Korea have some limitations in fully representing hand shape, sampling additional types of hand measurements and using consistent conditions and methods are required for more accurate analysis.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2016

To develop baseball catcher leg guards, 3-dimensional (3D) methodologies, which are 3D human body data, reverse engineering, modeling, and printing, optimized guard design for representative positions. Optimization was based on analysis of 3D body surface data and subjective evaluation using 3D printing products. Reverse engineering was used for analysis and modeling based on data in three postures: standing, $90^{\circ}$ knee flexion, and $120^{\circ}$ knee flexion. During knee flexion, vertical skin length increased, with the thigh and knee larger in anterior area compared to the horizontal dimension. Moreover, $120^{\circ}$ knee flexion posture had a high radius of curvature in knee movement. Therefore, guard designs were based on increasing rates of skin deformation and numerical values of radius of curvature. Guards were designed with 3-part zoning at the thigh, knee, and shin. Guards 1 and 2 had thigh and knee boundaries allowing vertical skin length deformation because the shape of thigh and knee significantly affects to its performance. Guard 2 was designed with a narrower thigh and wider knee area than guard 1. The guards were manufactured as full-scale products on a 3D printer. Both guards fit better in sitting than standing position, and guard 2 received better evaluations than guard 1. Additional modifications were made and an optimized version (guard 3) was tested. Guard 3 showed the best fit. A design approach based on 3D data effectively determines best fitting leg guards, and 3D printing technology can customize guard design through immediate feedback from a customer.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.328-334
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• 2018

PURPOSE. To evaluate the reproducibility of scan-based abutments using a blue light model scanner. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A wax cast abutment die was fabricated, and a silicone impression was prepared using a silicone material. Nine study dies were constructed using the prepared duplicable silicone, and the first was used as a reference. These dies were classified into three groups and scanned using a blue light model scanner. The first three-dimensional (3D) data set was obtained by scanning eight dies separately in the first group. The second 3D data set was acquired when four dies were placed together in the scanner and scanned twice in the second group. Finally, the third 3D data set was obtained when eight dies were placed together in the scanner and scanned once. These data were then used to define the data value using third-dimension software. All the data were then analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis H test (${\alpha}=.05$) and the post-hoc Mann-Whitney U-test with Bonferroni's correction (${\alpha}=.017$). RESULTS. The means and standard deviations of the eight dies together were larger than those of the four dies together and of the individual die. Moreover, significant differences were observed among the three groups (P<.05). CONCLUSION. With larger numbers of abutments scanned together, the scan becomes more inaccurate and loses reproducibility. Therefore, scans of smaller numbers of abutments are recommended to ensure better results.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.72-78
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• 1996

본 논문에서는 2차원 양방향 포물선 방정식 법과 푸리에 변환을 이용하여 3차원 굴절현상 및 3차원 후방 산란파를 포함하는 $2\frac12$차원 문제를 푸는 방법에 대해 다루었다. 여기서 $2\frac12$ 차원 문제란 2차원적 해양환경 하에 3차원적 음원이 존재할 경우를 의미한다. 2차원 양방향 포물선 방정식법은 수치기법으로 깊이 방향과 수평거리 방향에 대해 각각 Galerkin법과 Crank-Nicolson법을 사용하며 수직 불연속 경계면에 의한 후방 산란파를 포함한 수평거리 의존 문제에 대해 유용한 해를 제공한다. 2차원 해양환경에서는 파수 k가 종 또는 횡 수평거리 방향과 깊이 방향에 대한 함수이므로 3차원 Helmholtz방정식 법을 이용해 스펙트럴 해를 구하여 다시 푸리에 역변환하면 최종 해를 구할 수 있다. 본 연구방법의 정확성을 시험하기 위해서 계단형 해저면을 갖는 간단한 해양환경에서 계산을 수행해 보았으며 대한해협의 특정지역에서의 3차원적 음파전달 특성을 살펴보았다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2011

본 연구는 흉부 CT 검사 시 늑골 골절 환자를 대상으로 3차원 체적 재구성 기법의 유용성에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 임상에서 주로 이용 하는 재구성기법인 다평면재구성(MPR), 3차원 체적 영상 기법(VRT)을 적용하여 영상데이터를 각 각 정량적 방법과 정성적 방법으로 비교 분석하였다. 재구성 영상의 분석 및 평가결과 늑골 골절 환자의 흉부 CT 검사 시 조영 전 원 자료를 이용하여 3차원 체적영상으로 재구성 하는 것이 보다 더 인공 음영을 최소화 시켰으며, 늑골 골절 판단 및 3차원 체적 영상 재구성 소요시간이 단축 됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.262-269
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• 2010

Introduction: Accurate diagnosis and treatment planning are very important for orthognathic surgery. A small error in diagnosis can cause postoperative functional and esthetic problems. Pre-existing 2-dimensional (D) chephalogram analysis has a high likelihood of error due to its intrinsic and extrinsic problems. A cephalogram can also be inaccurate due to the limited anatomic points, superimposition of the image, and the considerable time and effort required. Recently, an improvement in technology and popularization of computed tomography (CT) provides patients with 3-D computer based cephalometric analysis, which complements traditional analysis in many ways. However, the results are affected by the experience and the subject of the investigator. Materials and Methods: The effects of the sources human error in 2-D cephalogram analysis and 3-D computerized tomography cephalometric analysis were compared using Simplant CMF program. From 2008 Jan to 2009 June, patients who had undergone CT, cephalo AP, lat were investigated. Results: 1. In the 3 D and 2 D images, 10 out of 93 variables (10.4%) and 11 out 44 variables (25%), respectively, showed a significant difference. 2. Landmarks that showed a significant difference in the 2 D image were the points frequently superimposed anatomically. 3. Go Po Orb landmarks, which showed a significant difference in the 3 D images, were found to be the artificial points for analysis in the 2 D image, and in the current definition, these points cannot be used for reproducibility in the 3 D image. Conclusion: Generally, 3-D CT images provide more precise identification of the traditional cephalometric landmark. Greater variability of certain landmarks in the mediolateral direction is probably related to the inadequate definition of the landmarks in the third dimension.