• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 1996

1. Out of 21 examples on a clinical base Alzheimer type dementia were 8 examples(38%), 11 vascular types(52%), 1 Alzheimer and vascular mixed type and rest 1 was secondary dementia type(NPH).2. Between the genders, there were 5 males and 3 females for Alzheimer types, 6 males and 5 females for the vascular types, 1 male for Alzheimer and vascular mixed type, and 1 female for secondary dementia type(NPH).3. For the degrees of Alzheimer type dementia there were 2 mild dementia, 4 moderate dementia, and 2 severe dementia. 4. Among the Alzheimer types 2 mild dementia were almost recovered back to normal in approximately 2 months, 2of 4 moderate dementia became significantly better in approximately 2 months and recovered to almost normal state in 3 to 5 months. The rest 2 have been under treatment for 3 months, but showed a little improvement. Out of 2 severe dementia examples, one showed a little improvement even if it has been under treatment over 2 years. The other example did not show any improvement, but dementia did not proceed any more.5. Among the 11 vascular examples, 7 recovered in 2 to 3 months, 1 in 5 months, 2 recovered in a year, and the treatment was stopped arbitrary for the last one.6 In the case of Alzheimer and vascular mixed type dementia, even the moderate dementia did not show any apparent result in 6 months.7. For NPHI (Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus), there was an improvement on dementia in 2 months after the treatment, but gait disturbance and urinary incontinence did not show any noticeable difference. As a conclusion, almost all the Alzheimer and vascular type patients recovered, but the treatment periods varied depending on the types of the dementia and the degree of seriousness, especially in the case of the severe Alzheimer patients, the treatment oniy suppression the progression of the dementia. The most important aspect from clinical point of view was even if almost all the patients were almost completely cired, they need to keep being cured for a long period of time. The method with respect to Four Constitutions is thought of the most desirable.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.893-900
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• 2011

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)는 전립선 암의 진단에 널리 사용되는 표지자로서 1935년 처음으로 동정되었고 인체 전립선에 가장 많이 존재하는 탈 인산화효소이다. PAP는 prostate epithelial cells에서 합성되는 전립선 특이적인 효소로서, 산성 환경에서 효소활성을 띠는 acid phosphatase 그룹에 속한다. PAP는 전립선액에 풍부히 존재하여 수정, 정자부족증, 만성통증의 감소에 관여한다. 그러나 가장 눈에 띄는 기능은 ERK1/2와 MAPK 경로에 관계된 HER-2와 PI3P의 탈 인산화를 유도하여 세포 성장 신호를 억제하고 전립선 암의 억제자로 작용하는 것이다. 최근 PAP DNA 백신을 이용하는 임상시험이 현재 진행 중이고, PAP를 이용한 immunotherapy를 통해 전립선 암을 치료하는 방법이 FDA의 승인을 받아 시행되고 있다. 이러한 PAP의 임상적 중요성에도 불구하고 현재까지 PAP의 분자적 조절기작에 대한 이해는 제한적이라 PAP에 대한 많은 연구가 필요한 실정이다. PAP는 NF-${\kappa}B$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1 및 androgen과 androgen receptor에 의하여 promoter region이 조절된다고 알려졌다. 본 총설에서는 현재까지 밝혀진 PAP 유전자 및 단백질의 특징들과 더불어 전립선 암에서의 PAP의 기능, 발현 조절, 역할들을 종합하였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.375-385
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• 2016

Background: The study was conducted to elucidate the extraction conditions under which white ginseng has cognition-improving efficacy. Methods and Results: Extracts from white ginseng under different solvent and temperature conditions were analyzed for ginsenoside content and inhibitory effect on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and acetylcholinesterase. The total ginsenoside contents and amounts of ginsenoside Rb1 plus ginsenoside Rg1 from the 1st extracts (prepared with EtOH/$H_2O$ as solvent) were higher than those from the 2nd extracts (extracted with $H_2O$ after the 1st EtOH/$H_2O$ extraction). The contents in the 1st and 2nd extracts produced at $80^{\circ}C$ were also higher than those obtained at $50^{\circ}C$. Samples from the 1st extraction at $80^{\circ}C$ indicated higher inhibitory activities on NMDA receptors-whose excessive activation is thought to mediate the calcium-dependent neurotoxicity associated with several neurodegenerative diseases-than those from the 2nd extraction. Among the samples prepared at varying temperatures, the extract prepared at $50^{\circ}C$ showed the highest suppression activity on NMDA receptors. Note, however, that the extracts from the 2nd extraction at $50^{\circ}C$ inhibited acetylcholinesterase-whose inhibition could be a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive deficits and memory malfunction-more effectively than those from the 1st extraction. Conclusions: To enhance the cognition-improving activity of white ginseng extract, it is suggested that the extracts be utilized after being combined the 1st extracts (made with EtOH/$H_2O$ solvent) and the 2nd extracts (prepared with $H_2O$) at low temperature.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2010

무제초제 친환경 작물 재배 시 봄 리빙멀치용 맥류의 사용을 위해 품종 및 파종기에 따른 출수반응 및 잎의 생산량을 2007년, 2008년 및 2009년 3년에 걸쳐 조사하였는데, 조사된 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 호밀은 품종간 출수반응이 뚜렷이 나타나 리빙멀치용품종의 선택이 중요하였는데, 파성이 높은 Frima 및 윈트그린 품종은 지온이 낮은 3월 파종에도 출수되는 개체가 없어 리빙멀치 용으로 가능하였고, 파성이 낮은 Koolgrazer, 곡우 등 조생품종은 지온이 높은 5월 상순파종까지 출수가 되어 리빙멀치 용으로 부적합하였다. 2. 보리와 밀은 지온이 낮은 3월 파종에서 모두 출수하였지만 4월 초중순 이후에는 대부분 출수하지 않는 뚜렷한 출수반응을 나타내었으며, 엽중에서는 밀보다 보리가, 보리 품종에서는 미락이 올보다 많았다. 3. 4월 초 중순 파종에서는 엽중이 품종간 차이를 보이지 않았지만 엽중이 감소하는 4월하순 이후 파종에서는 품종간 엽중의 차이가 나타나, 맥류의 파성이 크게 문제되지 않는 4월 하순 이후 파종에서는 출수반응보다는 엽중의 확보가 더욱 중요하였다. 4. 호밀 품종 두루는 4월 초순부터 리빙멀치 용으로 파종이 가능하였고 다른 품종보다 엽중이 많아 리빙멀치용으로 유망한 품종으로 생각되었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.437-447
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• 1999

Type I diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) results from the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic $\beta$ cells by a progressive $\beta$ cell-specific autoimmune process. The pathogenesis of autoimmune IDDM has been extensively studied for the past two decades using animal models such as the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse and the Bio-Breeding (BB) rat. However, the initial events that trigger the immune responses leading to the selective destruction of the $\beta$ cells are poorly understood. It is thought that $\beta$ cell auto-antigens are involved in the triggering of $\beta$ cell-specific autoimmunity. Among a dozen putative $\beta$ cell autoantigens, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has bee proposed as perhaps the strongest candidate in both humans and the NOD mouse. In the NOD mouse, GAD, as compared with other $\beta$ cell autoantigens, provokes the earliest T cell proliferative response. The suppression of GAD expression in the $\beta$ cells results in the prevention of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. In addition, the major populations of cells infiltrating the iselts during the early stage of insulitis in BB rats and NOD mice are macrophages and dendritic cells. The inactivation of macrophages in NOD mice results in the prevention of T cell mediated autoimmune diabetes. Macrophages are primary contributors to the creation of the immune environment conducive to the development and activation of $\beta$cell-specific Th1-type CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that cause autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are both believed to be important for the destruction of $\beta$ cells. These cells, as final effectors, can kill the insulin-producing $\beta$ cells by the induction of apoptosis. In addition, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells release granzyme and cytolysin (perforin), which are also toxic to $\beta$ cells. In this way, macrophages, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells act synergistically to kill the $\beta$ cells in conjunction with $\beta$ cell autoantigens and MHC class I and II antigens, resulting in the onset of autoimmune type I diabetes.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2006

In the primary sensory neuron of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN), the peripheral axon supplies a large number of annulospiral endings surrounding intrafusal fibers encapsulated in single muscle spindles while the central axon sends only a few number of synapses onto single ${\alpha}-motoneurons({\alpha}-MNs)$. Therefore, the ${\alpha}-{\gamma}$ linkage is thought to be very crucial in the jaw-closing movement. Spike activity in a ${\gamma}-motoneuron\;({\gamma}-MN)$ would induce a large number of impulses in single peripheral axons by activating many intrafusal fibers simultaneously, subsequently causing an activation of ${\alpha}-MNs$ in spite of the small number of synapses. Thus, the activity of ${\gamma}-MNs$ may be vital for modulation of jaw-closing movements. Independently of such a spindle activity modulated by ${\gamma}-MNs$, somatic depolarization in MTN neurons is known to trigger the oscillatory spike activity. Nevertheless, the trafficking of these spikes arising from the two distinct sources of MTN neurons is not well understood. In this short review, switching among multiple functional modes of MTN neurons is discussed. Subsequently, it will be discussed which mode can support the ${\alpha}-{\gamma}$ linkage. In our most recent study, simultaneous patch-clamp recordings from the soma and axon hillock revealed a spike-back-propagation from the spike-initiation site in the stem axon to the soma in response to a somatic current pulse. The persistent $Na^+$ current was found to be responsible for the spike-initiation in the stem axon, the activation threshold of which was lower than those of soma spikes. Somatic inputs or impulses arising from the sensory ending, whichever trigger spikes in the stem axon first, would be forwarded through the central axon to the target synapse. We also demonstrated that at hyperpolarized membrane potentials, 4-AP-sensitive $K^+$ current ($IK_{4-AP}$) exerts two opposing effects on spikes depending on their origins; the suppression of spike initiation by increasing the apparent electrotonic distance between the soma and the spike-initiation site, and the facilitation of axonal spike invasion at higher frequencies by decreasing the spike duration and the refractory period. Through this mechanism, the spindle activity caused by ${\gamma}-MNs$ would be safely forwarded to ${\alpha}-MNs$. Thus, soma spikes shaped differentially by this $IK_{4-AP}$ depending on their origins would reflect which one of the two inputs was forwarded to the target synapses.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1362-1368
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• 2020

Purpose. In this study, The change of the accommodation function due to the use of a smartphone was objectively evaluated using an Auto Refractokeratometer and was to investigate the effect of accommodation response and microfluctuations of accommodation on stable fatigue. Methods. Twenty subjects (20 males, 20 females) who had no abnormalities in ophthalmic disease and strabismus, diplopia, suppression, convergence and ocular movement, and corrected visual acuity and unaided visual acuity of 0.8 or more were performed. The average age of the participants is (21.78 ± 1.78) years old. The refractive power of the eye was measured using an Auto Refractokeratometer (Speedy-i K-model, Righton Mfg Co. Tokyo Japan), and the equivalent spherical power was automatically calculated from the measured refractive power. The accommodation response amount was calculated for the accommodation stimulation amount in 8 steps in 0.5D increments from + 0.50D to -3.00D in the calculated equivalent spherical power. The microfluctuations of accommodation in the high frequency region was calculated according to the change in the amount of the accommodation stimulus. At this time, the spectral power of the microfluctuations of accommodation was analyzed by Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). Results. After using the smartphone, it was found that the accommodation response to accommodation stimulation decreased and the microfluctuations of accommodation increased. Conclusions. It can be said that the use of a smartphone affects the accommodation response and the microfluctuations of accommodation, thereby causing a accommodative stable fatigue. Therefore, it is thought that the use of a smartphone for a long time may bring about a change in the accommodation function.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.999-1005
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 검사시간을 단축시키면서 해상도를 증가시키는 Compressed SENSE를 TOF에 적용하여 SENSE와 CS 기법에 대한 영상의 질을 비교하고 SNR, CNR을 평가하여 최적의 기법을 알아보고 이러한 정보를 토대로 임상적 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다. 충청도 소재 한 대학병원에서 TOF MRA 검사를 시행한 환자 32명(남자 15명, 여자 17명, ICA stenosis:10, M1 aneurysm:10, 평균나이 53 ± 4.15)을 대상으로 데이터를 분석하였다. 검사에 적용된 장비는 Ingenia CX 3.0T, Archieva 3.0 T 두 기기를 이용하였고 데이터 획득을 위한 방법으로 32 Channel Head Coil과 3D Gradient echo 이었다. 정량적 분석으로 각 영상의 SNR과 CNR을 측정하고 정성적 평가를 위해 관찰자의 시각적 견해에 대하여 5등급으로 나누어 영상의 질을 평가하였다. 영상평가는 paired t-test와 Wilcoxon 검정을 하였으며 p 값이 0.05 이하 일 때 유의성이 있는 것으로 간주하였다. TOF MRA 영상에서 SNR과 CNR에 대한 정량적 분석 결과 SENSE 기법에 비해 CS 기법이 높게 측정되었다(p<0.05). 관찰자의 시각적 평가로서 혈관의 선예도: CS(4.45 ± 0.41), 전반적인 영상의질: CS(4.77 ± 0.18), 영상의 배경소거: CS(4.57 ± 0.18)는 모두 CS 기법이 높은 결과를 얻었다(p=0.000). 결론적으로, 유속증가 자기공명혈관 조영술에서 SENSE 와 Compressed SENSE 기법을 비교하여 평가했을 때 Compressed SENSE TOF MRA 기법이 우위의 결과를 보여주었다. 이러한 결과는 뇌 질환 3D TOF MRA 검사에서 향후 임상적 기초자료가 될 것이라고 생각한다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was verification of the anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant effect of Cheongungdajosan-gamibang extract (CG) in mouse macrophage, RAW 264.7 cells. Methods : We have basically using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The cell toxicity was determined by MTT assay. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Cheongungdajosan-gamibang, amount of nitric oxide(NO) was measured using the NO detection kit and the IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ expression was measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Also, free radical scavenging assay has tested for DPPH and ABTS radical activity as well as the contents of total polyphenol. Results : In this study, 96.6% or higher cell viability was observed in all tested groups from 1, 10, $100{\mu}/m{\ell}$ in RAW 264.7 cells. The RAW 264.7 cells were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CG 1, 10, $100{\mu}/m{\ell}$. The CG decreased nitric oxide (NO) production activity dose dependently, especially at $100{\mu}/m{\ell}$ of 55%. The production of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ were decreased by 51%, 78% and 35% in CG treated $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. CG showed dose-dependent suppression activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, especially at $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of 37%. DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS cation decolorization were activated over 86% and 88% in CG at $1,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentration. Conclusions : According to the results, we thought that CG showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities on the RAW 264.7 cells in mouse macrophage. Therefore, this research is expected to provide the fundamental data about the natural material analysis of relating to the anti-inflammation and antioxidant.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.345-355
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• 2017

본 연구는 황토유황을 활용하여 벼 키다리병 발병을 최소화할 수 있는 최적 종자소독조건을 선발하기 위해 수행되었다. 키다리병에 이병된 '신동진' 품종 벼 종자를 공시하였고 황토유황 농도, 침지온도, 시간, 온탕여부를 구분하여 실내 및 온실검정을 통해 침지시간은 48시간, 침지농도는 1%로 최적 소독조건을 선발하였다. 그리고 모판과 포장시험을 수행하여 온탕처리 후 $20^{\circ}C$, 1% 황토유황에 48시간 침지 처리구와 $30^{\circ}C$, 1% 황토유황에 48시간 단독 침지할 때 가장 효과가 높았다는 것을 확인하였고 위 처리조건으로 소독한 종자가 육묘, 이앙, 출수기를 거치면서도 100%의 높은 방제효과가 유지되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 $20^{\circ}C$에서 1% 황토유황으로 침지한 처리구에서는 포장에서 78.2%의 낮은 방제가를 보였다. 또한, 온탕소독만 수행한 처리구에서도 $60^{\circ}C$, 10분간 충실히 수행될 경우 효과적인 벼 키다리병 방제가 가능함을 보여주었지만 온탕처리 후 황토유황으로 추가 침지함으로서 많은 양의 종자를 소독할 때 좀 더 나은 키다리병 방제 효과를 가져다 줄 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 농가에서 온탕소독기와 종자소독기 둘 중 한가지만 구비하더라도 황토유황을 이용하여 충분한 소독효과를 낼 수 있기 때문에 현장에서 보다 쉽게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되며 제조방법이 쉽고 비용이 적게 드는 황토유황의 특성상 농가의 경영비 절감효과도 클 것으로 기대된다.