• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between body size traits, carcass traits, and primal cuts in Hanwoo steers. Methods: Sixty-one beef carcasses were classified for conformation and primal cut weight. Additionally, carcass weight, fat thickness, carcass dimensions, and longissimus muscle area were determined to complement the grading. Results: The average live weight and cold carcass weight were 759 and 469 kg, respectively. The mean carcass meat, fat, and bone proportions were 551, 298, and 151 g/kg, respectively. Primal cuts weights showed significant positive correlations (p<0.001) of 0.42 to 0.82 with live weight, carcass weight, and longissimus muscle area and a significant negative correlation with carcass fat (without shank, -0.38 to -0.10). Primal cut weights were positively correlated (p<0.01) with carcass length (0.41 to 0.77), forequarter length (0.33 to 0.57), 6th lumbar vertebrae-heel length (0.33 to 0.59), 7th cervical vertebrae carcass breadth (0.35 to 0.58), 5th to 6th thoracic vertebrae breadth (0.36 to 0.65), 7th to 8th thoracic vertebrae girth (0.38 to 0.63), and coxae girth (0.34 to 0.56) and non-significantly related to cervical vertebrae length and coxae thickness. Conclusion: There was a high correlation among live weight, carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, carcass length, 7th cervical vertebrae carcass breadth, 5th to 6th thoracic vertebrae breadth, and 7th to 8th thoracic vertebrae girth of the primal cuts yield. The correlation between fat and primal cut yields was highly significant and negative. Carcass length and 7th to 8th thoracic vertebrae girth, appear to be the most important traits affecting primal cut yields.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2007

Objective : Percutaneous approach to the middle thoracic vertebra through the transpedicular route for the patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures is difficult due to the small size of the pedicle and parasagittally oriented vertebra body anatomy. The percutaneous vertebral body access [PVBA] technique utilizing the posterolateral extrapedicular approach avoids the pedicle and provides direct access to the vertebral body. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the vertebroplasty utilizing PVBA technique for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in the middle thoracic vertebrae. Methods : A retrospective review was done on 20 patients who underwent vertebroplasty utilizing PVBA technique performed for painful osteoporotic compression fracture in the middle thoracic vertebrae at 22 levels from May 2003 to June 2006. The average amount of the injected cement was 1.5-2.5ml. The postprocedural outcome was assessed using a visual analogue scale [VAS]. Results : The treated vertebrae were T5 [1 level], T6 [5 levels], 17 [7 levels], and T8 [9 levels]. The compression rate and kyphotic angle were improved after procedure from $18%{\pm}13.4$ to $16%{\pm}13.8$ [p > 0.05] and from $6.9^{\circ}{\pm}6.7$ to $6.6^{\circ}{\pm}6.2$ [p>005], respectively. Preprocedural VAS was $8.2{\pm}0.70$ and was decreased to $2.1{\pm}1.02$ [p < 0.01] after treatment. Postprocedural cement leakage was noted in 3 levels [13.7%]. There were no cases of leakage to epidural space or neural foramen, segmental artery injury, and pneumothorax. Conclusion : These results suggest that the complication rates are low and good results can be achieved with vertebroplasty utilizing PVBA technique for the osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures especially in the middle thoracic vertebrae.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.211-215
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• 2001

Purpose : This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose radiation in reduction of thoracic vertebral metastases in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods : 109 patients who were treated for bone metastasis from breast cancer from June, 1988 to June, 1998 in the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Seoul National University were included. Of the 109 patients, 40 patients had been previously treated by postoperative radiotherapy and 69 had not. Postoperative radiotherapy had been given using Co-60 teletherapy device in 30 patients or 6 MV linear accelerator in 10. Thoracic spines from 1 to 10 were usually irradiated except in 1 patient and cervical vertebrae 6 and/or 7 were partially included in ,: patients. A total of 50.4 Gy was given with 1.8 Gy fraction. Metastatic bone diseases were scored in 11 regions, i. e., skull, conical spine, thoracic spine from 1 to 4, from 5 to 8, 9 and 10, 11 and 12, lumbar spine, pelvis, femur, ribs and others. Results : In no postoperative parasternal irradiation group, lumbar vertebrae were the most common metastatic sites $(55.1\%)$ followed by pelvis $(44.9\%)$, ribs $(40.6\%)$, thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 $(37.7\%)$, thoracic vertebrae between 5 and 8 $(36.2\%)$, thoracic vertebrae 9 and 10 $(34.8\%)$, and thoracic vertebrae between 1 and 4 $(26.1\%)$. In postoperative parasternal irradiation group, lumbar vertebrae and pelvis were also the most common sites of metastases ($55.0\%$, respectively) followed by ribs $(37.5\%)$, and thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 $(32.5\%)$. But significant less metastases were seen at thoracic vertebrae from 1 to 10. Conclusion : We can find that the were significantly less bony metastases at thoracic vertebrae which had been previously irradiated postoperatively.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.163-172
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the effects of thoracic vertebral region's Du mai(督脈) and Jia ji xue(夾脊穴) intervention on active range of motion(ROM) restricted shoulder pain. Methods : 1. Measurement : The unpleasantness of pain was measured by visual analogue scale(VAS), and ROM was measured by using Goniometer and scratch test. 2. Intervention : Use Acupuncture and bee venom injection in thoracic vertebral region's Du mai(督脈) and Jia ji xue(夾脊穴) that display main tender points. Results : The pain and ROM were improved after thoracic vertebral region intervention. Conclusion : Thoracic vertebral region intervention was effective to active ROM restricted shoulder pain, to reduce the pain and to improve ROM. And this study shows that active ROM restricted shoulder pain and thoracic vertebral region's tender points are connected to each other. Also, region that suggest main tender points previews region of thoracic vertebrae 5-8.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.237-241
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• 2000

Vertebral compression fractures commonly afflict the elderly. Some patients suffer from severe mechanical pain in spite of treatments with strong analgesics and bracing. Vertebroplasty, which was originally used for vertebral hemangioma, is effective for patients who do not respond to these more conservative treatments. However, the procedure has some risk. Leaks of bone cement into perineural tissues can be a serious complication. In contrast to the lumbar vertebrae, the outer margin of the pedicle of the thoracic vertebrae is almost in line with the outer margin of the body. This, combined with the thinner pedicle of the thoracic vertebrae, makes proper needle placement difficult. The posterolateral approach is preferred to the transpedicular approach in order to avoid the danger of destroying the inner cortex of the pedicle. But there can be a problems with the standard posterolateral approach. The rib can be broken, the pleura can be punctured. A new and safer approach is possible. Before penetrating the bone, the needle is positioned at the upper margin of the transverse process, 5 mm away from the pedicle. To achieve this positioning, the needle must puncture the skin 1~1.5 cm laterally and 3~5 mm cranially to the target point on the bone. This approach was used for 10 patients and we achieved good results with no serious complication.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.266-270
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• 2020

The musculoskeletal system can be damaged by massive contractions of the muscles in the case of systemic attacks by epilepsy. Several studies or case reports of multiple thoracic vertebrae fractures following generalized seizures without underlying diseases or falls have been reported, but there are few domestic studies or case reports. This paper reports the case of a 42-year-old male patient without any specific underlying disease, who was diagnosed with multiple fractures of the thoracic vertebrae caused by generalized myoclonic epilepsy during sleep.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.204-207
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• 2005

Background: Transpedicular percutaneous vertebroplasty, along with kyphoplasty of the thoracic vertebrae, is technically more difficult than those of the lumbar vertebrae due to the anatomical differences. During the last four years, all the percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty of the thoracic vertebrae carried out at our institution were performed using a transpedicular approach; therefore, we tried to find if there were any problems or complications associated with the process. Methods: The medical records of all the patients who had undergone thoracic percutaneous vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty were retrospectively reviewed. The following were looked up: the procedure name, unipedicular or bipedicular, the level of the thoracic vertebrae treated, and the pre- and postoperative changes in the Visual Analog Scales (VAS), the volume of cement injected and complications. Results: In the last four years, 58 vertebral bodies in 58 patients were treated. Twelve and 46 vertebral bodies were treated by kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty, respectively. A total of 58 mid and lower thoracic levels were treated: T5 (n=1), T6 (n=1), T7 (n=3), T8 (n=4), T9 (n=1), T10 (n=4), T11 (n=14) and T12 (n=30). The mean preoperative and postoperative VAS scores were $8.1{\pm}1.4$ and $5.2{\pm}1.7$, respectively. The mean volume of cement injected was $4.01{\pm}1.85ml$; $3.18{\pm}0.60ml$ at T5-8 and $4.22{\pm}2.27ml$ at T9-12. There were no clinical complications, such as pedicular fracture or cement leakage. Conclusions: Although transpedicular vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty at the mid to lower thoracic vertebral bodies is technically difficult compared to that at the lumbar region, the procedures can be performed safely.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1234-1238
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• 2017

Objective: The vertebral number is associated with body length and carcass traits, which represents an economically important trait in farm animals. The variation of vertebral number has been observed in a few mammalian species. However, the variation of vertebral number and quantitative trait loci in sheep breeds have not been well addressed. Methods: In our investigation, the information including gender, age, carcass weight, carcass length and the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae from 624 China Kazakh sheep was collected. The effect of vertebral number variation on carcass weight and carcass length was estimated by general linear model. Further, the polymorphic sites of Vertnin (VRTN) gene were identified by sequencing, and the association of the genotype and vertebral number variation was analyzed by the one-way analysis of variance model. Results: The variation of thoracolumbar vertebrae number in Kazakh sheep (18 to 20) was smaller than that in Texel sheep (17 to 21). The individuals with 19 thoracolumbar vertebrae (T13L6) were dominant in Kazakh sheep (79.2%). The association study showed that the numbers of thoracolumbar vertebrae were positively correlated with the carcass length and carcass weight, statistically significant with carcass length. To investigate the association of thoracolumbar vertebrae number with VRTN gene, we genotyped the VRTN gene. A total of 9 polymorphic sites were detected and only a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs426367238) was suggested to associate with thoracic vertebral number statistically. Conclusion: The variation of thoracolumbar vertebrae number positively associated with the carcass length and carcass weight, especially with the carcass length. VRTN gene polymorphism of the SNP (rs426367238) with significant effect on thoracic vertebral number could be as a candidate marker to further evaluate its role in influence of thoracolumbar vertebral number.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 2003

The fused thoracic vertebra and deformity of the lumbar vertebrae in the female Thoroughbred horse were observed macroscopically. The 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae (T) were partially fused. They were composed of three parts between the spinous process of the 11th and 12th T, left and right caudal articular processes of the 11th T, and left and right cranial articular processes of the 12th T. The vertical surface of cranial articular process of the 11th T and left mamillary process of the 12th T were absent. The left caudal part of the transverse process of the 12th T and left costal fovea of the transverse process of the 12th T were severely deformed. On the other hand, the left transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra (L) was a typical rib-like transverse process and two times longer than the right transverse process of the 2nd L. The right transverse process of 4th L has an oval concave facet on the medial part of caudal border for articulation with the right transverse process of 5th L; the latter has a corresponding convex facet on the medial part of the cranial border in the right transverse process of the 5th L.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.52.1-52.8
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• 2021

Background: The normal vertebral anatomy of Korean raccoon dogs and their variants require research attention as a prerequisite for identifying pathologies and anomalies. Objectives: This retrospective study aimed at describing the vertebral formula and congenital vertebral anomalies in Korean raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis). Methods: Radiographs of 82 raccoon dogs (42 males, 40 females) acquired from May 2013 to June 2020 in the Gangwon Wildlife Medical Rescue Center were reviewed to evaluate the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae of the spine. Results: Normal morphology of all vertebrae was observed in 50 of the 82 raccoon dogs, and the vertebral formula was cervical 7, thoracic 13, and lumbar 7. Congenital vertebral anomalies were found in 32 raccoon dogs: transitional vertebrae (TV) in 31 and block vertebrae in 2. Two raccoon dogs had 2 types of vertebral anomalies: one had TV and block vertebra, and the other had 2 types of TV. Twenty-nine raccoon dogs had thoracolumbar TV (TTV) and 3 had lumbosacral TV. TTV was morphologically classified into 4 different types: unilateral extra-rib in 5 raccoon dogs, bilateral extra-ribs in 14, bilateral elongated transverse processes in 4, and an asymmetric mixed formation of extra-rib with elongated transverse process in 6. Conclusions: This study showed that TTV is common in Korean raccoon dogs, and that the vertebral formula is relatively diverse. The bilateral extra-ribs type TTV is the most common variant, which is almost similar to normal rib to be confused the radiographic evaluation.