• Elastomers and Composites
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.253-258
• /
• 2008

In this study polyamide 6,6 based thermoplastic composite with graphite and carbon black had been examined feasibility for separators of fuel cell which requires good mechanical and electrical properties with gas impermeability. The effects of molding pressure and filler content on the properties of the composite were investigated. Maximum flexural modulus was obtained about 80 wt% graphite, while electrical conductivity increased with graphite content. Flexural strength increased with molding pressure and tended to level-off from $400\;kgf/cm^2$. Molding pressure did not affect the electrical conductivity. The addition of carbon black enhanced the electrical conductivity of the composite. Mechanical properties were decreased under acidic condition.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.31-39
• /
• 2011

Purpose: Helical Tomotherapy allows only coplanar beam delivery because it does not allow couch rotation. We investigated a method to introduce non-coplanar beam by tilting a patient's head for Tomotherapy. The aim of this study was to compare intrafractional movement during Tomotherapy between coplanar and non-coplanar patient's setup. Materials and Methods: Helical Tomotherapy was used for treating eight patients with intracranial tumor. The subjects were divided into three groups: one group (coplanar) of 2 patients who lay on S-plate with supine position and wore thermoplastic mask for immobilizing the head, second group (non-coplanar) of 3 patients who lay on S-plate with supine position and whose head was tilted with Variable Axis Baseplate and wore thermoplastic mask, and third group (non-coplanar plus mouthpiece) of 3 patients whose head was tilted and wore a mouthpiece immobilization device and thermoplastic mask. The patients were treated with Tomotherapy after treatment planning with Tomotherapy Planning System. Megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) was performed before and after treatment, and the intrafractional error was measured with lateral(X), longitudinal(Y), vertical(Z) direction movements and vector ($\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}$) value for assessing overall movement. Results: Intrafractional error was compared among three groups by taking the error of MVCT taken after the treatment. As the correction values (X, Y, Z) between MVCT image taken after treatment and CT-simulation image are close to zero, the patient movement is small. When the mean values of movement of each direction for non-coplanar setup were compared with coplanar setup group, X-axis movement was decreased by 13%, but Y-axis and Z-axis movement were increased by 109% and 88%, respectively. Movements of Y-axis and Z-axis with non-coplanar setup were relatively greater than that of X-axis since a tilted head tended to slip down. The mean of X-axis movement of the group who used a mouthpiece was greater by 9.4% than the group who did not use, but the mean of Y-axis movement was lower by at least 64%, and the mean of Z-axis was lower by at least 67%, and the mean of Z-axis was lower by at least 67%, and the vector was lower by at least 59% with the use of a mouthpiece. Among these 8 patients, one patient whose tumor was located on left frontal lobe and left basal ganglia received reduced radiation dose of 38% in right eye, 23% in left eye, 30% in optic chiasm, 27% in brain stem, and 8% in normal brain with non-coplanar method. Conclusion: Tomotherapy only allows coplanar delivery of IMRT treatment. To complement this shortcoming, Tomotherapy can be used with non-coplanar method by artificially tilting the patient's head and using an oral immobilization instrument to minimize the movement of patient, when intracranial tumor locates near critical organs or has to be treated with high dose radiation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.1999-2004
• /
• 2011

This research aims to develop polymer composites which can be used for PEMFC bipolar plate by injection molding process. Considering the moldability and stiffness, we used LCP(Liquid crystal polymer) as base resin. In order to improve electrical conductivity and mechanical properties, we chose carbon black, and both synthetic graphite and expanded graphite. The composites with different recipe are prepared for injection molding of PEMFC bipolar plate and CAE(Computer Aided Engineering) analysis was performed to predict melt flow and fiber orientation We did successfully fabricate the ASTM specimens by injection molding, and measure the electrical conductivity of the samples by using four point probe device. We measured mechanical properties such as flexural strength, flexural modulus and Izod impact strength. Conclusively, the electrical conductivity increased with increasing additive concentration, but both flexural strength and Izod impact strength decreased due to the brittle nature of carbon-based additives.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
• /
• 2008.05a
• /
• pp.273-276
• /
• 2008

Thermoplastic resin takes place stress relaxation and creep according to temperature and time. In room temperature, time dependent deformation (TDD) of polymer was carried out at previous study. In this study, it evaluates time dependent deformation to relate temperature. Nanoscale indents can be used as cells for molecular electronics and drug delivery, slots for integration into nanodevices, and defects for tailoring the structure and properties. Therefore, it is important to control pattern depth for change of indent depth by creep when using Nanoindenter. For evaluating TDD at high temperature, it is occurred thermal-nanoindentation test by changing hold time at maximum load. Temperature is putted at $90^{\circ}C$, hold time at maximum loads are putted at 1, 10, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 500s.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
• /
• 2005.10a
• /
• pp.100-104
• /
• 2005

The injection molding is very effective process for various plastic products due to its high productivity. It is also good fur precise products like optical parts. Various thermoplastic materials are also available with this injection molding process. In recent, however, as the overall size of the product increases and micro or nano scale of patterns are applied to the products, we now have some problems such as low fidelity of the replication of the pattern, high molding pressure, or warpage from the in-mold stress. Injection/compression molding is studied to overcome those problems in molding large thin plate with micro pattern array on its surface. An injection compression mold is designed to 3 pieces mold for side gate. We install 4 pressure transducers and 9 thermocouples to measure the melt pressure and surface temperature in the cavity during the process. As a result, the maximum molding pressure for injection compression molding is reduced to 1/3 compared to injection molding and the uniformity of the pressure in the cavity is enhanced by about 15%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.106-112
• /
• 2021

Thermoplastic microfluidic devices are used in BioMEMS for medical and biotechnology applications, such as gene extraction, DNA analysis, and virus detection. In this research, a simple fabrication protocol with a commercially available pneumatic hot press is proposed and demonstrated for polycarbonate microfluidic devices. Microfluidic channels with a width of 200 ㎛ and a height of 10 ㎛ were designed and machined onto a brass plate as a mold insert using a CNC milling machine. The resulting microfluidic channels on the mold insert were assessed and found to have an actual width of 198 ㎛ and a height of 10 ± 0.25 ㎛. The microfluidic channels were replicated on a polycarbonate sheet using the proposed replication technique at 146℃ for 20 minutes under a constant load of 2400 kgf. The devices were then naturally cooled to 100℃ while maintaining the same pressure. It was found that the microchannels were successfully replicated in the polycarbonate, with a width of 198 ㎛ and a height of 10.07 ㎛. The proposed replication technique thus offers the rapid mass production of high-quality microfluidic devices at a low cost with a process that, unlike conventional photolithography systems, does not require expensive equipment.

• Composites Research
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.83-87
• /
• 2018

An object in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is affected by many environmental conditions unlike earth's surface such as, Atomic oxygen (AO), Ultraviolet Radiation (UV), thermal cycling, High Vacuum and Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris (MMOD) impacts. The effect of all these parameters have to be carefully considered when designing a space structure, as it could be very critical for a space mission. Polybenzimidazole (PBI) is a high performance thermoplastic polymer that could be a suitable material for space missions because of its excellent resistance to these environmental factors. A thin coating of PBI polymer on the carbon epoxy composite laminate (referred as CFRP) was found to improve the energy absorption capability of the laminate in event of a hypervelocity impact. However, the overall efficiency of the shield also depends on other factors like placement and orientation of the laminates, standoff distances and the number of shielding layers. This paper studies the effectiveness of using a PBI coating on the front bumper in a multi-shock shield design for enhanced hypervelocity impact resistance. A thin PBI coating of 43 micron was observed to improve the shielding efficiency of the CFRP laminate by 22.06% when exposed to LEO environment conditions in a simulation chamber. To study the effectiveness of PBI coating in a hypervelocity impact situation, experiments were conducted on the CFRP and the PBI coated CFRP laminates with projectile velocities between 2.2 to 3.2 km/s. It was observed that the mass loss of the CFRP laminates decreased 7% when coated by a thin layer of PBI. However, the study of mass loss and damage area on a witness plate showed CFRP case to have better shielding efficiency than PBI coated CFRP laminate case. Therefore, it is recommended that PBI coating on the front bumper is not so effective in improving the overall hypervelocity impact resistance of the space structure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.60 no.1
• /
• pp.37-44
• /
• 1983

Thermoplastic aceton-formaldehyde resin adhesive was added as a modifier for urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive and its effects on plywood smear strength and wood failure were investigated. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The plywood shear strength and wood failure showed the highest values at $120^{\circ}C$ of hot plate temperature, but the values decreased according to the rise of addition ratio of aceton resin. 2) The variation of molar ratio of aceton resin had no effect on plywood shear strength and wood failure. 3) The plywood bonded by the addition of aceton resin showed lower values than those of urea resin bonding plywoods in shear strength and wood failure. Therefore, aceton resin was inadequate as a modifier of urea resin adhesive.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.127-137
• /
• 2022

Recently, various clothing items are being developed using 3D printing technology, but comfort has become an issue while wearing them for a long time. Therefore, this study researched on how the temperature and humidity of the devices developed by 3D printing change depending on the material combination. Five types of material combinations (EVA foam, TPU density 10%, TPU density 30%, EVA foam+TPU density 10%, and EVA foam+TPU density 30%) were selected as variables, and the experiment was conducted for two different cases with and without a cover. All the ten types of samples were placed on the hot plate set at 36℃, and the surface temperature and humidity were measured at three different points for 10 minutes. As a result, the case with only TPU showed the greatest temperature change while the case with 100% EVA foam showed the least temperature change. The humidity of the surface layer gradually decreased with time for 100% EVA foam. For the case with TPU materials, the moisture was transferred to the surface layer at first, thereby increasing the humidity but then dropped significantly. Meanwhile, the cases with the cover on showed similar tendencies of change in both temperature and humidity where the overall temperature and humidity delivery were slow.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.420-426
• /
• 2024

This study proposes an innovative methodology for developing flexible printed circuit boards (FPCBs) capable of conforming to three-dimensional shapes, meeting the increasing demand for electronic circuits in diverse and complex product designs. By integrating a traditional flat plate-based fabrication process with a subsequent three-dimensional thermal deformation technique, we have successfully demonstrated an FPCB that maintains stable electrical characteristics despite significant shape deformations. Using a modified polyimide substrate along with Ag flake-based conductive ink, we identified optimized process variables that enable substrate thermal deformation at lower temperatures (~130℃) and enhance the stretchability of the conductive ink (ε ~30%). The application of this novel FPCB in a prototype 3D-shaped sensor device, incorporating photosensors and temperature sensors, illustrates its potential for creating multifunctional, shape-adaptable electronic devices. The sensor can detect external light sources and measure ambient temperature, demonstrating stable operation even after transitioning from a planar to a three-dimensional configuration. This research lays the foundation for next-generation FPCBs that can be seamlessly integrated into various products, ushering in a new era of electronic device design and functionality.