• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 2010

The signification of calorie/water (C/W) ratio was investigated in the treatment of highly concentrated organic wastes by thermophilic oxic process (TOP). Swine waste was used in this study. When C/W ratio was 1.6, most of swine waste was decomposed and all water was evaporated in the 24-h injection cycle. To improve treatment efficiency of TOP treating swine waste, the effect of shortening the swine waste injection cycle was examined. The shortening of injection cycle was conducted to stimulate the activity of thermophilic bacteria. A high temperature in the reactor was maintained by shortening of the injection cycle. When the swine waste injection cycle was shortened, the C/W ratio was fixed at 1.6. As a result, by shortening the swine waste injection cycle from 24-h to 12 and 6-h, the maximum loading rate of swine waste per day could be improved 1.9 and 3.5 times, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1999

The biodegradation of algae coagulated with poly aluminum chloride(PAC) was investigated by using the thermophilic oxic process. The compositions of coagulated algae were 83.5% of water content, 24.6% of ash, 32% of organic carbon with in total solid, respectively. In present study, food waste oil was used for the increment of calorie of mixtures in order to accelate the microbial activity. As a result, the maximum temperature of mixtures was higher than $50^{\circ}C$ when the mixing ratio of food oil was over 10%. However the temperature indicated the lower than $50^{\circ}C$ when conditions of no mixing with waste food oil, and 5% of mixing ratio. Therefore, the optimum condition was 10% of the mixing ration at $217l{\cdot}m^{-3}{\cdot}min^{-1}$ of air supply rate. The conversion efficiency of carbon was highest as 92% at the optimum condition. And then water was evaluated from imxture without accumulation at 10% of mixing ratio. The thermophilic oxic process well conducted that is good process for the treatment of waste algae without effluents however it has to consider the retreatment of accumulated aluminum in the reactor.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.57-64
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to establish effective conditions for controlling $CH_4$, $N_2O$ emission from organic Waste / wastewater treatment processes. Continuous and batch experiments were conducted to treat the micro algae from polluted and eutrophicated lakes through the thermophilic oxic process. The microalgae used were mainly Microcystis sp.(collected from eutrophic lake) and Chlorella sp. (cultured in laboratory) Wasted cooking oil was added by aid-heating source. Physico-chemical components of sludges and microalgae were analyzed. In batch experiments, air supply was changed from 50ml/min to 150ml/min. The temperature. water content and drained water were affected by the air flow rate at initial stage. However, there was almost no influence of air flow rate on them in middle and last stages. At air flow rate of 100ml/min, the degradation rate of organic material was higher than that at other air flow rates. $CO_2$ concentration in exhaust was proportional to the strength of aeration, especially at initial stage when degradation was active. $CH_4$ with low concentration was detected only at starting stage when air diffusion was not enough. $N_2O$ production was not affected by variation of air supply. In continuous experiments no matter what the dewatering methods (with PAC and without PAC) and media (wood chip and reed chip) were changed, $N_2O$ was almost not affected by variation of injected air. Result showed that the reed chips using for lake purification could be used as media for thermophilic oxic process in lake and marshes area. $CO_2$ concentration was not so much affected by the change of dewatering methods and media types. $CH_4$ was not detected in the experimental period. So it can be shown that the thermophilic oxic process had been well operated in wide handling conditions regardless of media and dewatering methods.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.623-629
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• 1997

The studies of isolation and physiological characteristics of mesophilic or thermophilic bacteria from thermophilic oxic process (TOP) treating Chinese restaurant wastes were conducted. Chinese restaurant wastes were consist of moisture; 75.8%, solids; 24.2% and ash; 0.49%. The volatile solid was about 99% of total dry solids. In wastes used in this experiment, there was content of crude protein; 4.47%, crude lipid; 3.56%, free sugar, 0.4% , crude starch; 10.34% and crude fiber 3.14%, respectively. And then it has about 4,970 kcal/kg-dry solid of Chinese restaurant wastes. From TOP treating the chinese restaurant wastes, 37 strains of mesophilic or thermophilic bacteria were primarily isolated using medium used for the isolation and among them 6 strains of thermophilic and 7 strains of mesophilic bacteria were selected by testing the activities of amylase, cellulase, protease and lipase. TB-1, TB-9 as thermophilic bacteria and MB-15-1, 15-2, MB23 as mesophilic bacteria having strong enzyme activity were selected among isolated strains. All selected strains reduced nitrate to nitrite and they utilized glucose, manose, manitol, and maltose as carbon source. From these MB15-2 was identified as Bacillus cereus, TB1, Bacillus licheniformis and TB9; Bacillus schlegelii.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2001

Anaerobic Digestion - Thermophilic Oxic Process(ADTOP) has been known to be one way reducing and composting of organic wastes without draining or forming excess sludge. It could be completely performed by the evaporation of water using the bio-energy from the microbial degradation of organic. In the present study the complete treatment of Chinese restaurant wastes was conducted and utility of bio-energy produced from the ADTOP was estimated. Base on results, it could be concluded as follows; 1) chinese restaurant wastes could be completely treated using the TOP without draining or excess sludge. Maximum volumetric loading rate was determined as $55.0kg-garbage/m^3$. Input water was almostly evaporated and 90.5% of carboneous organic wastes was conversed to carbondioxide. 2)The optimum volumetric loading rate which is acceptable to maintain over $55^{\circ}C$ in the anaerobic digester was determined as $45kg-garbage/m^3{\cdot}d$. 3) The optimum HRT was at least over 10 days in order to maintain about $50^{\circ}C$ in the anaerobic digester using bio-energy produced from TOP. Therefore the utilization of bio-energy produced from TOP could be used in the process which had long HRT such as the anaerobic digestion. 4) The efficiency of anaerobic digester rate were over 90% by the ADTOP under the organic loading rate of $1.1kg-COD/m^3{\cdot}d$, 50kg-Chinese restaurant garbage and $250{\ell}/m^3{\cdot}min$ of the aeration rate.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.13-22
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• 1995

Most of small- scale livestock facility have difficulties to treat organic wastewater by activated sludge process as distinguished feces and urine. The organic wastewater discharged have characteristics of slurry, high concentration of BOD, 55 etc. This study was performed to estimate suitable condition for the application of packing materials, air flow, pollutant load and so on as important parameter to treat organic wastewater by thermopile oxlc process. As a result obtained at this experiments the most suitable condition for BOD load, air flow indicate 3.0kg · m$^{-3}$ day$^{-1}$,50 ∼ 100L· min$^{-1}$ m$^{-3}$, respectively, and we knew that it was necessary to add waste contained high calories to degrade about 80% of pollutant among waste- water. It showed that plastic material can be used as packing media because it can be provided as inhabitation for microorganism owing to intensity of material and characteristic of keeping moisture.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.290-308
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• 1999

In this study a system for the treatment or recyling of organic wastes from both urban and rural area was recommended. It was developed based on the resource recovery system regarding human being by four tectnologies; forage, methane production, high-grade composting and complete decomposition. High quality compost can be produced by combining several kind of wastes produced from urban and agricultural areas. High quality compost must possess not only general characteristics of ordinary compost, but also a superior ability to improve the soil properties and must contain more nutrients for plant. Cedar chips were recommended as the main bulking agent to adjust moisture contents and air permeability. Charcoal and zeolite can be used not only as the second bulking agent but also as fertilizer for improve the soil amendment. Complete decomposition of organic wastes is defined by organic matter being completely converted to $CO_2$ and water. All the input water was evaporated by the heat produced through the oxidation of organic matter, In the present study, the complete treatments were successfully achieved for Shochu wastewater, swine wastes, thickened excess sewage sludge, wastes produced by Chinese restaurant and anaerobic digested sludge. First of all, recycling center of organic wastes should be established for the protect the environments and effective recovery of organic resources. This may means the way to derive the recovery of human value.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

Korean Government announced 'The Roadmap to realize a low carbon green society on year 2020' on July 12, 2011 in order to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Non-energy category of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (FAFF) should mitigate 1,349 kilo $CO_2$-equivalent ($CO_2$-eq.) tonnes which is 7.1% of Business-As-Usual on year 2020. The mitigation from animal manure treatment system (AMTS) comprises ca. 45% of the total mitigated amount of Non-energy category of FAFF. Hence, the precise evaluation of GHG emissions from AMTS is important to find effective mitigation measures. Life cycle assessment was used to evaluate GHG emissions from AMTS. The most GHG emitter was a composting/liquid fertilizer/activated sludge system (1,649.45 kg $CO_2$-eq./head/year) and the least GHG emitter was a activated liquid fertilizer system (1,024.46 kg $CO_2$-eq./head/year). Thermophilic oxic process showed the highest ratio (34.9%) of GHG emissions by the use of electricity to total GHG emissions from systems. Energy efficiency should be considered to mitigate GHG emissions from AMTS.