• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2005

A significant number of cases of illness has been attributed to food consumption in restaurants, and as the number of meals eaten away from home continues to rise, the potential for large-scale, foodborne illness outbreaks will continue to increase. It is critical that hospitality and culinary arts students preparing for careers as professionals in foodservice establishments or restaurants have an appropriate understanding of food safety. The level of food safety knowledge was similar between hospitality and culinary arts students, and an analysis of 266 questionnaires indicated that specific areas, such as hand washing, cross contamination in refrigerator, reheating leftovers, refrigeration of cooked food within two hours, proper temperature of food storage, using of thermometers to monitor temperatures, proper egg handling, and possible food borne illness caused by fruits, should be the primary focus of educational resources. Student respondents showed a higher awareness level of responsibility in their roles for food safety, but more emphasis needs to be given to the correct understanding of food safety issues. Hospitality and culinary arts educators can use this precise information to develop food safety education materials and programs to assist in the prevention of foodborne illness and to knowledgeably educate their graduates about food safety.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 2005

Purpose: In order to identify the usability of inguinal temperature in a neonatal unit, this study was done to compare inguinal temperature of newborns with rectal, axillary, and tympanic temperatures. Method: Fifty-one normal newborns admitted to the nursery of a university affiliated hospital participated in the study. Tympanic temperatures were taken with a tympanic thermometer. Inguinal, rectal, and axillary temperatures were taken with glass mercury thermometers, and were recorded every 1 minute until the reading remained constant for 2 times. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Result: The measurement time for inguinal temperatures in newborns was significantly longer than that for rectal temperatures, but was shorter than that for axillary temperatures. The mean temperature for the newborn's inguinal site was lower than for rectal, axillary, and tympanic temperatures (the lower side), but wasn't different from tympanic temperature (the upper side). The inguinal temperature was significantly correlated with rectal, axillary, and tympanic temperature. The inguinal temperature was not different according to general characteristics of the newborn. Conclusion: These findings indicate that measurement of inguinal temperature is a useful alternative to rectal temperature.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.1619-1626
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• 2014

We analyzed diurnal variations in the surface air temperature using the high density urban climate observation network in Daegu metropolitan city, the representative basin-type city in Korea, in summer, 2013. We used a total of 28 air temperature observation points data(16 thermometers and 12 AWSs). From the distribution of monthly average air temperature, air temperature at the center of Daegu was higher than the suburbs. Also, the days of daily minimum air temperature more than or equal to $25^{\circ}C$ and daily maximum air temperature more than or equal to $35^{\circ}C$ at the schools near the center of Daegu was more than those at other schools. This tendency appeared more clearly on the days of daily minimum air temperature more than or equal to $25^{\circ}C$. Also, the air temperature near the center of the city was higher than that of the suburbs in the early morning. Thus it was indicated that the air temperature was hard to decrease as the bottom of the basin. From these results, the influence of urbanization to the formation of the daily minimum temperature in Daegu was indicated.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.151-162
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• 1997

The suitability of pivalic acid was confirmed as a secondary temperature standard material. Triple-point cells of pivalic acid were obtained by using combined process of vacuum distillation with zone refining. A detailed description of the purification process was given. The melting curves were used as criteria for determination of purities of pivalic acid. Triple points of these cells with purity of 99.9997% were measured to be $35.956\pm 0.003^{\circ}C$ by using the melting plateau curves. Thus the triple point cells of pivalic acid appear to be able to use for the calibration of thermistor thermometers with moderate precision.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1023-1029
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• 2017

We studied the distribution of air temperature using the high density urban climate observation network data of Daegu. The observation system was established in February 2013. We used a total of 38 air temperature observation points (23 thermometers and 18 AWSs). From the distribution of monthly averaged air temperatures, air temperatures at the center of Daegu were higher than in the suburbs. The daily minimum air temperature was more than or equal to $25^{\circ}C$ and the daily maximum air temperature was more than or equal to $35^{\circ}C$ at the elementary school near the center of Daegu. Also, we compared the time elements, which are characterized by the diurnal variation of surface air temperature. The warming and cooling rates in rural areas were faster than in urban areas. This is mainly due to the difference in surface heat capacity. These results indicate the influence of urbanization on the formation of the daily minimum temperature in Daegu.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.28-34
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• 2009

The atrium in the building has many advantages including its aesthetic and functional effect. But the upper part of the atrium has the thermal problem of overheating due to insolation through the window. But natural ventilation aided buoyancy effect can be a solution to make comfortable indoor environment. Proper design of openings is very important to improve thermal environment in the atrium. In this study, thermal evaluations were performed to improve thermal environment in the atrium. Indoor thermal environment of an atrium at Seoul was measured in the field and simulated with Computational Fluid Dynamics( CFD) code. The turbulent flow model adopted is $K-{\varepsilon}$ model. The results of computer simulations are compared with the measurements at the point in the atrium. In order to improve the indoor ventilation environment of the atrium, thermal environment evaluations of six alternatives were conducted. After evaluations of the results, the design guidelines of an atrium are suggested.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1399-1405
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• 2017

We compared the spatial distribution of several heat stress indices (the Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature(WBGT) index, Environmental Stress Index (ESI), and Modified Discomfort Index(MDI)) for the heat wave of June 6~August 26, 2016, in Daegu. We calculated the heat stress indices using data from the high density urban climate observation network in Daegu. The observation system was established in February. 2013. We used data from a total of 38 air temperature observation points (23 thermometers and 18 automatic weather stations). The values of the heat stress indices indicated that the danger level was very high from 0900-2000h in downtown Daegu. The daily maximum value of the WBGT was greater than or equal to $35^{\circ}C$. The differences in the heat stress indices from downtown and rural areas were higher in the daytime than at nighttime. The maximum difference was about 4 before and after 1400h, and the time variations of the heat stress indices corresponded well. Thus, we were able to confirm that the ESI and MDI can be substituted with the WBGT index.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.3666-3675
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• 1996

A new hardware temperature compensation method for hot-wire anemometer is investigated and an analog compensating circuit is proposed in this article. A photoconductive cell is introduced here as a variable resistor in the anemometer bridge and the linearized output of a thermistor is used to monitor the input of the photoconductive cell. In contrast with the conventional method, any type of temperature sensor can be used for compensation if once the output of thermometer varies linearly with temperature. So the present technique can diversify the compensating means from a conventional passive compensating resistance to currently available thermometers. Because the resistance of a photoconductive cell can be set precisely by adopting a stabilizing circuit whose operation is based on the integration function of the operational amplifier, the accuracy of compensation can be enhanced. As an example of linearized thermometer, thermistor sensor whose output is linearized by a series resistor was used to monitor the fluid temperature variation. Validation experiment is conducted in the temperature ranged from 30 deg. C to 60 deg. C and the velocity up to 40 m/s. It is found that the present technique can be adopted as a compensating circuit for anemometer and hot-wire type airflow meter.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.95-98
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• 2013

Plate thermometers are used for measuring the radiative heat flux in high-temperature surroundings. The heat flux is calculated from the temperature measured at the back surface of the stainless steel surface of the meter. Heat fluxes from a Schmidt-Boelter gauge are measured as reference heat fluxes. A combined conductive coefficient is introduced to consider the heat loss to insulation, conduction through the stainless plate depth, and conduction from the non-uniform temperature of the plate of the plate thermometer. This coefficient is obtained using the repulsive particle swarm optimization.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.41-47
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• 2018

In a numerical study, equations relating the mechanical properties and cooling rate in a casting process have been applied to an AC4CH cast aluminum alloy. Good agreement was found between the measured and predicted material properties. Step-shaped steel blocks were made to comprise a casting mold with a Y-shaped cavity. Thermometers were inserted into each step of the mold to investigate temperature changes. The microstructure and mechanical properties, such as hardness and tensile stress were measured for each cut of piece. The correlation between the cooling rate and SDAS was found by curved fitting. Moreover, both the solidification time and the temperature were simulated using a commercial package, ZCast. The simulation results for yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness were compared with experimental results. Using the estimated K and n values, the hardness values of a ship propeller were simulated, and the results were similar to those obtained for actual castings.