• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.201-220
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• 2016

A general model of equations of the two-temperature theory of generalized thermoelasticity is applied to study the wave propagation in a fiber-reinforced magneto-thermoelastic medium in the context of the three-phase-lag model and Green-Naghdi theory without energy dissipation. The material is a homogeneous isotropic elastic half-space. The exact expression of the displacement components, force stresses, thermodynamic temperature and conductive temperature is obtained by using normal mode analysis. The variations of the considered variables with the horizontal distance are illustrated graphically. Comparisons are made with the results of the two theories in the absence and presence of a magnetic field as well as a two-temperature parameter. A comparison is also made between the results of the two theories in the absence and presence of reinforcement.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.192-207
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• 1982

A study has been made of the interaction parameters of Zn other elements in dilute solutesd solution of molten cadmium alloys over the temperature range of 450 to 570$^{\circ}C$. The experi-mental measurementss were made in a touch instant cell using a fusedd Licl-KCl electrolyte. The activity of zinc in binary and ternary solutions sexhibiteds a strong positive deviation from Raoult's law. The addition of silver, indium or lead increased the activity of zinc whereas addition of copper, bismuth or tin decreased the zinc activity slightly. The results for all the metallic solutions showed a linear dependence of reciprocal of ab-solute temperature over the experimental range. The interaction parameters obtained are as follows.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1009-1014
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• 2001

In aqueous mixtures of cationic OTAC (octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) and anionic ADS (ammonium dodecyl sulfate) surfactants, mixed micelles were formed at low (< 0.2 wt %) total surfactant concentrations. For these mixtures mixed micelliza tion and interaction of surfactant molecules were examined. Mixed critical micelle concentration (CMC), thermodynamic potentials of micellization, and minimum area per surfactant molecule at the interface were obtained from surface tensiometry and electrical conductometry. The mixed micellar compositions and the estimation of interacting forces were determined on the basis of a regular solution model. The CMCs were reduced, although not substantial, and synergistic behavior of the ADS and OTAC in the mixed micelles was observed. The CMC reductions in this anionic/cationic system were comparable to those in nonionic/anionic surfactant systems. The interaction parameter $\beta$ of the regular solution model was estimated to be -5 and this negative value of $\beta$ indicated an overall attractive force in the mixed state.

• 공업화학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.127-138
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• 1994

CTA(cellulose triacetate) 막을 이용한 물과 에탄올의 투과증발(pervaporation) 막분리에서 수착과 투과실험으로부터 용해-확산 투과기구modeling 및 그 함수형과 parameters에 대한 해석을 시도하였다. 순성분들의 수착 data를 사용하여 Flory-Huggins 식으로 계산한 3 성분계(에탄올/물/CTA) 수착평형 조성을 추산하여 실측치와 비교하였다. 막 내부의 조성과 액상의 평형 조성간에 열역학적 평형 관계식을 적용하기 위해 막 내 겉보기 활동도를 Wilson식과 Van Laar식으로 상관시켰다. 투과속도식은 한 성분의 투과속도가 그 성분의 막 내 농도구배에 비례하며, 또한 확산계수의 농도 의존성이 에탄올 농도만의 지수함수라고 가정하여 물과 에탄을 투과속도를 계산하였으며 이는 실측치와 잘 일치하였다. 한 성분의 투과속도와 수착량이 다른 성분에 비해 현저히 작은 경우에는 대류항을 무시할 수 없음을 알았고, 온도가 높고, 투과측 압력이 낮을수록 투과속도와 투과선택도가 증가하였다.

• Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.2269-2282
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• 2018

Mixed micelle formation behavior of cationic surfactant-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in aqueous as well as in urea medium from 303.15 K to 323.15 K at 5 K interval was carried out by conductometric method. The differences between the experimental values of critical micelle concentrations (cmc) and ideal critical micelle concentrations ($cmc^{id}$) illustrate the interaction between the amphiphiles studied. The values of micellar mole fraction ($X_1^{Rub}$ (Rubingh), $X_1^M$ (Motomura), $X_1^{Rod}$ (Rodenas) and $X_1^{id}$(ideal) of surfactant CTAB determined by different proposed models and outcome indicate high involvement of CTAB in SDS-CTAB mixed micellization, which enhance by means of the augment of mole fraction of CTAB. The negative value of interaction parameter (${\beta}$) showed an attractive interaction involving CTAB and SDS. Activity coefficients were less than unity in all case, which also reveals the presence of interaction between CTAB & SDS. The negative ${\Delta}G^0_m$ values imply the spontaneous mixed micellization phenomenon. The attained values of ${\Delta}H^0_m$ were positive at inferior temperature, while negative at superior temperature. The negative ${\Delta}H^0_m$ values in urea ($NH_2CONH_2$) medium illustrate exothermic micellization process. The magnitudes of ${\Delta}S^0_m$ were positive in almost all cases. The excess free energy of mixed micelle formation (${\Delta}G_{ex}$) was found to be negative, which indicates the stability of mixed micelle as compared to the individual's components micelles.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1987

본 논문에서는 순수한 액체상태의 온수 단위 질량을 대상으로 동력발생에서부 터 열펌프 까지의 가능한 응용을 고려하여 온도에 따른 최적 사용방법과 최대성능 발 휘시의 용량산정을 통하여 온수의 최적능력을 확인하고자 한다. 단 본 연구의 결과 는 순수히 열역하적인 것으로 경제적 관점에서 본다면 다소 다른 견해가 있을 수 있겠 으나 열역학적 및 경제적 관점 사이의 관계 및 제2법칙의 역할의 중요성은 이미 여러 논문에서 충분히 거론된 것으로서 여기서 언급하지 않는다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.734-745
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• 2016

This review article described the electrochemical Frumkin, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms of over-potentially deposited hydrogen (OPD H) and deuterium (OPD D) for the cathodic $H_2$ and $D_2$ evolution reactions (HER, DER) at Pt, Ir, Pt-Ir alloy, Pd, Au, and Re/normal ($H_2O$) and heavy water ($D_2O$) solution interfaces. The Frumkin, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms of intermediates (OPD H, OPD D, etc.) for sequential reactions (HER, DER, etc.) at electrode/solution interfaces are determined using the phase-shift method and correlation constants, which have been suggested and developed by Chun et al. The basic procedure of the phase-shift method, the Frumkin, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms of OPD H and OPD D and related electrode kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, i.e., the fractional surface coverage ($0{\leq}{\theta}{\leq}1$) vs. potential (E) behavior (${\theta}$ vs. E), equilibrium constant (K), interaction parameter (g), standard Gibbs energy (${\Delta}G_{\theta}{^{\circ}}$) of adsorption, and rate (r) of change of ${\Delta}G_{\theta}{^{\circ}}$ with ${\theta}$ ($0{\leq}{\theta}{\leq}1$), at the interfaces are briefly interpreted and summarized. The phase-shift method and correlation constants are useful and effective techniques to determine the Frumkin, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms and related electrode kinetic and thermodynamic parameters (${\theta}$ vs. E, K, g, ${\Delta}G_{\theta}{^{\circ}}$, r) at electrode/solution interfaces.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.514-519
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• 2017

활성탄을 사용하여 흡착제의 양, pH, 초기농도, 접촉시간과 온도를 흡착변수로 acid green 27 염료의 흡착특성을 조사하였다. 흡착평형자료는 Freundlich와 Langmuir 등온식을 사용하여 해석하였는데, Freundlich 식이 더 좋은 일치도를 나타냈다. 평가된 Freundlich 분리계수(1/n=0.293~0.387)로부터 활성탄에 의한 acid green 27의 흡착조작이 효과적인 처리방법이 될 수 있음을 알았다. 흡착속도실험 결과는 유사이차 반응속도식에 잘 맞았으며, 유사이차속도상수($k_2$)값은 acid green 27 초기농도가 증가할수록 감소하였다. 활성화에너지값(10.457 kJ/mol)과 표준엔탈피변화값(76.946 kJ/mol)으로 흡착공정이 물리흡착이고 흡열반응임을 알았다. 298~318 K 범위에서 Gibbs 자유에너지값은 온도가 올라갈수록 감소하였기 때문에 흡착반응은 온도가 올라갈수록 더 자발적으로 일어났다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.196-202
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• 2004

KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute) is at present preparing a preliminary performance assessment to set up the HLW disposal concept of Korea. The solubility of the radionuclides contained in HLW is necessary as a source term in order to predict their potential migration in both the near and far fields. The solubility of actinides (Th, Am, U, Np and Pu) for a reference deep groundwater of Korea has been calculated using a geochemical code with thermodynamic data selected by a peer review of existing thermodynamic databases and literature. The solubilities from the experimental study and/or field observations from natural analogue studies are compared. The sensitivity of solubility to the variability of three main parameters of groundwater (pH, Eh, and carbonate concentration) is also investigated. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the solubility of actinides strongly depends on the parameters considered. Within the range of parameter values studied (pH=7 to 10, Eh=-0.4 to -0.1V, and carbonate concentration=1.E-5 to 1.E-2 mol/L), the solubility of each actinide exists between 1.4E-10 and 1.6E-6 mol/L for Am, 4.9E-9 and 2.8E-6 mol/L for Th, 3.2E-9 and 5.7E-4 mol/L for U, 1.1E-9 and 1.0E-7 mol/L for Np, and 4.0E-11 and 2.8E-6 mol/L for Pu, respectively.

• 청정기술
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.122-130
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• 2020

입상 활성탄에 대한 reactive blue 4 (RB 4) 의 등온흡착과 동력학적, 열역학적 파라미터에 대해 활성탄의 양, pH, 초기농도, 접촉시간, 온도를 흡착변수로 하여 조사하였다. 활성탄에 의한 RB 4 염료의 흡착은 pH 7을 기점으로 양쪽으로 흡착 백분율이 증가하는 concave 모양을 나타내었다. 등온흡착자료는 Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin 등온흡착식에 적용하였다. Freundlich과 Langmuir 등온흡착식이 모두 잘 맞았다. 계산된 Freundlich 분리계수(1/n = 0.125 ~ 0.232)과 Langmuir 분리계수(R_L = 1.53 ~ 1.59) 으로부터 활성탄이 RB 4를 효과적으로 처리할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. Temkin의 흡착열관련상수(B_T = 17.611 ~ 29.010 J mol^-1)는 이 공정이 물리흡착임을 나타냈다. 동력학적 실험으로부터 흡착공정은 유사 이차 반응속도식에 잘 맞았다. 입자 내 확산식에 대한 결과는 표면확산을 나타내는 두 번째 직선의 기울기보다 입자내 세공확산을 나타내는 첫 번째 직선의 기울기가 작게 나타나서 입자내 세공확산이 속도지배단계인 것을 확인하였다. Gibbs 자유에너지 변화(ΔG = -3.262 ~ -7.581 kJ mol^-1)와 엔탈피 변화(ΔH = 61.08 kJ mol^-1)은 각각 흡착공정이 자발적 공정 및 흡열과정임을 나타내었다.