• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제65권4호
• /
• pp.435-445
• /
• 2018

This paper is concerned with thermo-mechanical vibration behavior of flexoelectric/piezoelectric nanobeams under uniform and linear temperature distributions. Flexoelectric/piezoelectric nanobeams have higher natural frequencies compared to conventional piezoelectric ones, especially at lower thicknesses. Both nonlocal and surface effects are considered in the analysis of flexoelectric/piezoelectric nanobeams for the first time. Hamilton's principle is employed to derive the governing equations and the related boundary conditions which are solved applying a Galerkin-based solution. Comparison study is also performed to verify the present formulation with those of previous data. Numerical results are presented to investigate the influences of the flexoelectricity, nonlocal parameter, surface elasticity, temperature rise, beam thickness and various boundary conditions on the vibration frequencies of thermally affected flexoelectric/piezoelectric nanobeam.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.231-251
• /
• 2022

Dynamic behavior of temperature-dependent Reddy functionally graded (RFG) nanobeam subjected to thermomagnetic effects under the action of moving point load is carried out in the present work. Both symmetric and sigmoid functionally graded material distributions throughout the beam thickness are considered. To consider the significance of strain-stress gradient field, a material length scale parameter (LSP) is introduced while the significance of nonlocal elastic stress field is considered by introducing a nonlocal parameter (NP). In the framework of the nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT), the dynamic equations of motion are derived through Hamilton's principle. Navier approach is employed to solve the resulting equations of motion of the functionally graded (FG) nanoscale beam. The developed model is verified and compared with the available previous results and good agreement is observed. Effects of through-thickness variation of FG material distribution, beam aspect ratio, temperature variation, and magnetic field as well as the size-dependent parameters on the dynamic behavior are investigated. Introduction of the magnetic effect creates a hardening effect; therefore, higher values of natural frequencies are obtained while smaller values of the transverse deflections are produced. The obtained results can be useful as reference solutions for future dynamic and control analysis of FG nanobeams reinforced nanocomposites under thermomagnetic effects.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.511-524
• /
• 2020

In this research, a simple four-variable trigonometric integral shear deformation model is proposed for the static behavior of advanced functionally graded (AFG) ceramic-metal plates supported by a two-parameter elastic foundation and subjected to a nonlinear hygro-thermo-mechanical load. The elastic properties, including both the thermal expansion and moisture coefficients of the plate, are also supposed to be varied within thickness direction by following a power law distribution in terms of volume fractions of the components of the material. The interest of the current theory is seen in its kinematics that use only four independent unknowns, while first-order plate theory and other higher-order plate theories require at least five unknowns. The "in-plane displacement field" of the proposed theory utilizes cosine functions in terms of thickness coordinates to calculate out-of-plane shear deformations. The vertical displacement includes flexural and shear components. The elastic foundation is introduced in mathematical modeling as a two-parameter Winkler-Pasternak foundation. The virtual displacement principle is applied to obtain the basic equations and a Navier solution technique is used to determine an analytical solution. The numerical results predicted by the proposed formulation are compared with results already published in the literature to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed theory. The influences of "moisture concentration", temperature, stiffness of foundation, shear deformation, geometric ratios and volume fraction variation on the mechanical behavior of AFG plates are examined and discussed in detail.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 2006

본 논문에서는 FC-PBGA 패키지를 대상으로 하여 온도변화에 따른 열변형에 대한 실험과 해석을 수행하였다. 모아레 간섭계를 이용하여 각 온도단계에서 변위분포를 나타내는 간섭무늬를 얻고, 그로부터 굽힘변형 거동 및 솔더볼의 변형률에 대한 해석을 수행하였다. 한 개의 패키지가 PCB에 연결되어 있는 단면 패키지 결합체와 두 개의 패키지가 PCB의 양쪽에 연결되어 있는 양면 패키지 결합체의 변형 거동을 비교하였다. FC-PBGA의 단면 패키지 결합체 패키지의 최대 굽힘변위는 결합되지 않은 패키지보다 20%정도 작게 발생된 것으로 나타났으며 앙면 패키지의 경우는 대칭성으로 인하여 칩 윗면의 최대 굽힘변위가 단면패키지보다 반 정도 작게 발생되었다. 솔더볼의 파손에 큰 영향을 미치는 유효변형률은 단면 패키지 결합체의 경우 칩 가장자리의 바로 바깥쪽 솔더볼에서, 양면 패키지 결합체의 경우는 칩 가장자리의 바로 안쪽 솔더볼에서 가장 큰 값을 가졌으며, 그 최대값은 양면패키지 결합체의 경우가 50%정도 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 2009

모아레 간섭계를 이용하여 와이어 본딩 플라스틱 볼 그리드 (WB-PBGA) 패키지의 열-기계적인 거동 특성을 연구하였다. 실시간 모아레 간섭계를 이용하여 각 온도단계 에서 변위분포를 나타내는 간섭무늬를 각각 얻고, 그로부터 굽힘변형 거동 및 솔더볼의 변형률에 대한 해석을 비교하여 수행하였다. 본 실험에서는 full grid와 perimeter with central connections 및 perimeter의 배열 형태를 갖는 세 가지 패키지를 사용하였으며, 이 배열 형태를 비교하여 굽힘변형 및 솔더볼의 평균변형률을 자세하게 해석하였다. 솔더볼의 유효변형률은 WB-PBGA-FG의 경우 칩 가장자리 바로 바깥쪽 솔더볼에서, WB-PBGA-P/C의 경우 가운데 연결 솔더볼의 가장 바깥 솔더볼에서, WB-PBGA-P의 경우는 칩과 가장 기까운 안쪽 솔더볼에서 최대값을 가지는 것으로 나타났다.

• Coupled systems mechanics
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.163-182
• /
• 2020

Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis of reinforced concrete slab at elevated temperatures from a fire accounting for nonlinear thermal parameters is carried out. The main focus of the paper is put on a one-way continuous reinforced concrete slab exposed to fire from the single (bottom) side as the most typical working condition under fire loading. Although contemporary techniques alongside the fire protection measures are in constant development, in most cases it is not possible to avoid the material deterioration particularly nearby the exposed surface from a fire. Thereby the structural fire resistance of reinforced concrete slabs is mostly influenced by a relative distance between reinforcement and the exposed surface. A parametric study with variable concrete cover ranging from 15 mm to 35 mm is performed. As the first part of a one-way coupled thermo-mechanical analysis, transient nonlinear heat transfer analysis is performed by applying the net heat flux on the exposed surface. The solution of proposed heat analysis is obtained at certain time steps of interest by α-method using the explicit Euler time-integration scheme. Spatial discretization is done by the finite element method using a 1D 2-noded truss element with the temperature nodal values as unknowns. The obtained results in terms of temperature field inside the element are compared with available numerical and experimental results. A high level of agreement can be observed, implying the proposed model capable of describing the temperature field during a fire. Accompanying thermal analysis, mechanical analysis is performed in two ways. Firstly, using the guidelines given in Eurocode 2 - Part 1-2 resulting in the fire resistance rating for the aforementioned concrete cover values. The second way is a fully numerical coupled analysis carried out in general-purpose finite element software DIANA FEA. Both approaches indicate structural fire behavior similar to those observed in large-scale fire tests.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2003

In this paper, thermo-mechanical and rheological properties of NCPs (Non-Conductive Pastes) depending on silica filler contents and diluent contents were investigated. And then, thermal cycling (T/C) reliability of flip chip assembly using selected NCPs was verified. As the silica filler content increased, thermo-mechanical properties of NCPs were changed. The higher the silica filler content was added, glass transition temperature ($T_g$) and storage modulus at room temperature became higher. While, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) decreased. On the other hand, rheological properties of NCPs were significantly affected by diluent content. As the diluent content increased, viscosity of NCP decreased and thixotropic index increased. However, the addition of diluent deteriorated thermo-mechanical properties such as modulus, CTE, and $T_g$. Based on these results, three candidates of NCPs with various silica filler and diluent contents were selected as adhesives for reliability test of flip chip assemblies. T/C reliability test was performed by measuring changes of NCP bump connection resistance. Results showed that flip chip assembly using NCP with lower CTE and higher modulus exhibited better T/C reliability behavior because of reduced shear strain in NCP adhesive layer.

• 한국연소학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.29-38
• /
• 2014

This paper described an experimental investigations of combustion instability mode in a lean premixed dual swirl combustor for micro-gasturbine system. When such the instability occurs, a strong coupling between pressure oscillations and unsteady heat release excites a self-sustained acoustic wave which results in a loud, annoyed sound and may also lead a structural damage to the combustion chamber. The detailed period of flame behavior and heat release in combustion instability mode have been examined with high speed OH and CH-PLIF system and $CH^*$ chemiluminescence measurement, flame tomography with operated at 10 kHz and 6 kHz each. Experiment results suggest that unstable flame behavior has a specific frequency with 200 Hz and this frequency is accords with about 1/2 sub-harmonic of combustor resonance frequency, not fundamental frequency. This is very interesting phenomenon that have not reported yet from other previous works. Therefore, when a thermo-acoustic instability with Rayleigh criterion occurs, the fact that the period of heat release and flame behavior are different each other was proposed for the first time through this work.

• 대한금속재료학회지
• /
• 제49권7호
• /
• pp.541-548
• /
• 2011

Thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) behavior of heat resistant austenitic stainless steel was evaluated in the temperature range from 100$^{\circ}C$ to peak temperatures of 600 to 800$^{\circ}C$; The fatigue lives under TMF conditions were plotted against the plastic strain range and the dissipated energy per cycle. In the expression of the inelastic strain range versus fatigue life, the TMF data obtained at different temperature ranges were located close to a single line with a small deviation; however, when the dissipated energy per cycle, calculated from the area of the stress-strain hysteresis loops at the half of the fatigue life, was plotted against the fatigue life, the data showed greater scattering than the TMF life against the inelastic strain range. A noticeable stress relaxation in the stress-strain hysteresis curve took place at the peak temperatures higher than 700$^{\circ}C$, but all specimens in this study exhibited cyclic hardening behavior with TMF cycles. Recrystallization occurred during the TMF cycle concurrent with the formation of fine subgrains in the recrystallized region, which is considered to cause the cyclic hardening of the steel.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.17-28
• /
• 2012

WB-PBGA 패키지를 구성하는 솔더볼 재료나 수지 복합재의 열-기계적 물성치는 온도에 대단히 큰 영향을 받을 뿐 아니라, 온도가 유지되는 시간에도 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 무연 솔더 WB-PBGA 패키지의 변형 거동을 신뢰성 있게 해석하기 위하여 재료의 비선형성을 고려한 유한요소 해석을 수행하고 무아레 간섭계 실험결과와 비교하였다. 먼저 수지 복합재의 점탄성 거동을 파악하기 위해 수지 접합재와 패키지 기판으로 구성된 이종접합체를 대상으로 하여 수지 복합재의 온도와 시간에 종속적인 점탄성 거동에 대해 유한요소 해석을 수행하고 결과를 분석하였다. 무연 솔더가 실장된 WB-PBGA의 열-기계적 거동을 파악하기 위하여 솔더는 점소성 물성치를, 수지 복합재는 점탄성 물성치를 적용하여 온도 변화에 따르는 유한요소 변형해석을 수행하여 실험결과와 비교하였다. 결과적으로 패키지의 변형은 수지 복합재의 재료 모델에 따라 대단히 크게 달라지며, 수지 복합재는 온도와 시간에 영향을 받는 점탄성 물성으로 해석해야 함을 알 수 있었다. 본 논문에서와 같은 SAC 계열 무연 솔더 WB-PBGA 패키지의 경우 유리전이 온도가 $135^{\circ}C$ 정도로 비교적 높은 B-type 수지 복합재의 점탄성 물성치를 적용했을 때 상대적으로 신뢰성 있는 해석 결과를 얻을 수 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다.