• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.559-563
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• 2016

Objective : Low back pain, caused intervertebral disc degeneration has been treated by thermal annuloplasty procedure, which is a non-surgical treatement. The theoretical backgrounds of the annuloplasty are thermal destruct of nociceptor and denaturization of collagen fiber to induce contraction, to shrink annulus and thus enhancing stability. This study is about temperature and its distribution during thermal annuloplasty using 1414 nm Nd : YAG laser. Methods : Thermal annuloplasty was performed on fresh human cadaveric lumbar spine with 20 intact intervertebral discs in a $37^{\circ}C$ circulating water bath using newly developed 1414 nm Nd : YAG laser. Five thermocouples were attached to different locations on the disc, and at the same time, temperature during annuloplasty was measured and analyzed. Results : Thermal probe's temperature was higher in locations closer to laser fiber tip and on lateral locations, rather than the in depth locations. In accordance with the laser fiber tip and the depth, temperatures above $45.0^{\circ}C$ was measured in 3.0 mm depth which trigger nociceptive ablation in 16 levels (80%), in accordance with the laser fiber end tip and laterality, every measurement had above $45.0^{\circ}C$, and also was measured temperature over $60.0^{\circ}C$, which can trigger collagen denaturation at 16 levels (80%). Conclusion : When thermal annuloplasty is needed in a selective lesion, annuloplasty using a 1414 nm Nd : YAG laser can be one of the treatment options.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.32-40
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• 2008

Background: Angelica dahurica has been used in various clinical cases. Its taste is hot and its property is warm, dry and nonpoisonous. Its efficacy is to remove wind-damp, cure swelling and edema, exhaust pus, stop itching, rhinitis and leukorrhea. Object: To test through experiment Angelica dahurica's analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy. Method: Inject acetic acid as a pain-inducing substance to the mice and measure visceral pain bywrithing reflex. Inject carrageenan that is an edema-inducing substance to the rat's paw and measure volume of edema. Take thermal pain to mice with plantar test and measure paw withdrawal latency. Normal group is non Angelica dahurica-treated group and treated group is Angelica dahurica-treated group. Results: In acetic acid-induced visceral model, treatment with Angelica dahurica suppressed writhing reflex significantlyand dose-dependently. In carrageenan-induced paw edema model, treatment with Angelica dahurica suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema. In plantar test model, no significant effect on the withdrawal latency of thermal stimulation-induced nociception was observed. Conclusion: Angelica dahurica has analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.301-305
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• 2014

The aim of our study is to investigate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of an ethanol extract of the leaf and stem of Aralia cordata. Writhing responses induced by acetic acid, tail immersion test, and formalin-induced paw pain response for nociception and formalin-induced paw edema for inflammation were evaluated in mice. A. cordata (50 - 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and ibuprofen (100 mg/kg, p.o.), a positive non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing response, but they did not protect the thermal nociception in tail immersion test. However, morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) used as positive opioid control alleviated both the acetic acid-induced writhing response and thermal nociception in tail immersion test. In the formalin test, A. cordata (50 - 200mg/kg) and ibuprofen (200mg/kg) inhibited the second phase response (peripheral inflammatory response), but not the first phase response (central response), whereas morphine inhibited both phase pain responses. Both A. cordata (100 mg/kg) and ibuprofen (200 mg/kg) significantly alleviated the formalin-induced increase of paw thickness, the index of inflammation. These results show for the first time that the leaf and stem of A. cordata has a significant anti-nociceptive effect that seems to be peripheral, but not central. A. cordata also displays an anti-inflammatory activity in an acute inflammation model. The present study supports a possible use of the leaf and stem of A. cordata to treat pain and inflammation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.285-290
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to prove how magnetic field (MF) acts on sympathetic neuro-transmissions using thermal response. Mice were divided into two groups and each one was exposed to MF (20 G, 24 hrs) or sham. Every vehicle or drugs were treated a half hour before the thermal response test. The pain threshold was lowered by MF (20 G, 24 hrs) alone. This reduction of pain threshold by MF was not blocked by a single treatment of $\alpha$-receptor antagonist (prazosin), $\alpha$$_2$-receptor agonist (clonidine, guanabenz), $\beta$$_1$-receptor antagonist (atenolol) or $\beta$$_1$,$\beta$$_2$-receptor antagonist (propranolol). But administration of $\alpha$$_2$-receptor antagonist (yohimbine) completely inhibited the decrease in pain threshold by MF. Moreover, it increased by high dose of yohimbine over normal condition. These results suggest that MF acts on sympathetic nerve terminal to induce hyperalgesia, in which pre-synaptic az receptor might be involved.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.93-111
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• 1984

The main purpose of this study is to develop a ratio scale measuring level of pain using Korean pain terms. The specific purposes of this study are to identify the degree of pain of each pain term in each subclass: to classify each subclass in terms of dimensions of pain; and to analyze factors of the Korean pain ratio scale clustering together. One hundred an4 fifty eight pain terms which were originally identified as representative terms and their synonyms were used for data collection. Fifty eight nursing professors ana sixty one medical doctors who have contacted with patients having pain were asked to rate the weight of each pain term on a visual analogue scale. Subclasses in which ranks of pain terms were same f s findings in two previous studies were 1) thermal 3 am 2) cavity pressure, 3) single stimulating pain, 4) radiation pain. and 5) chemical pain. Subclasses in which ranks of pain terms were confused were 1) incisive pressure, and 2) cold pain. Subclasses in which one new pain term was added were 1) inflammatory-repeated pain, 2) punctuate pressure, 3) constrictive pressure, 4) fatigue-related pressure, and 5) suffering-relate4 pain. Subclasses in which two new pain terms were added were 1) traction pressure, 2) peripheral nerve pain, 3) dull pain, 4) pulsation-related pain, 5) digestion-related pain, 6) tract pain, and 7) punishment-related pain. Subclass in which 3 new pain terms were included was fear-related pain. Rating scores of 5 words in 4 subclasses were significantly different between the normal group and the extreme group of subjects in terms of subjective rating. Only one word among 6 words was that newly added to the scale. Rating scores of 12 words in 9 subclasses were significantly different between doctor group and nursing professor group. Among these 12 words, only 3 were those newly added to the scale. In comparison of these 12 words, mean scores of the nursing professors were always 7 to 16 points higher than those of the medical doctors. In the analysis of judgement of subjects in terms of dimensions of pain terms, subclasses of dull pain, cavity pressure, tract pain and cold pain were suggested to be included in the miscellaneous dimension. As a result of factor analysis of the ratings given to 96 pain words using principal components analysis without iteration and with varimax rotation limiting the number of factors to 4, factors of severe pain (factor I) mild-moderate pain (factor II) , causative pain (factor III) and temperature-related pain(factor IV) were extracted with the factor loading above 0.388. When the pain words were re-arranged on the bases of factor loading above 0.368, number of factors decreased to only first two factors. Maximum score of pain word in factor II was 46.17 and the minimum score of the factor I was 45.36. Further studies are needed to identify the validity, reliability, sensitivity and practicability of this ratio scale using patients having various sources of pain.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2011

Spirodela polyrrhiza L. Schleid. (Lemnaceae), also known as 'duckweed', is a traditional medicine in Korea. The whole plant is used to treat many diseases, including the common cold, edema, acute nephritis, and urticaria. The present study investigated antinociceptive properties of the EtOAc soluble fraction of S. polyrrhiza (ESP). The antinociceptive activities of ESP were studied using experimental models of pain, including thermal nociception methods, such as the tail immersion test and the hotplate test. Moreover, we studied chemical nociception induced by intraperitoneal acetic acid and subplantar formalin in mice. ESP exhibited dose-dependent antinociceptive activity in both thermal and chemical pain models. In a drug combination test using the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, diminished analgesic activities of ESP were observed, indicating that the antinociceptive activity of ESP is mediated by opioid receptors.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.256-260
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• 2011

Polygoni multiflori Ramulus, the stem of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., has been widely used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases. Presently, antinociceptive tests of the butanolic fraction of P. multiflorum (SPB) were performed using several thermal and chemical pain models. SPB had strong and dosedependent antinociceptive activities, both thermal and chemical, compared to the reference drugs Tramadol and Indomethacin. In combination with naloxone, the analgesic activity of SPB was unchanged indicating that the antinociceptive activity of SPB was not due to action as an opioid receptor agonist. The present results indicate the potential of SPB as an analgesic agent for pain control.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.179-183
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• 2008

Objective：To evaluate efficacy and postoperative morbidity in tonsillectomy using the harmonic scalpel vs conventional electrocautery. Materials and Methods：1) We compared intra-operative bleeding and operation time and analyzed the degree of pain, oral feeding and the ability to return to normal activities from the questionnaire. 2) Animal study：Using rats, we made each linear wound with harmonic scalpel or electrocautery, then compare the width of thermal injury area with trichrome stain. Result：Harmonic scalpel tonsillectomy had significant advantages over electrocautery tonsillectomy in terms of post operative pain, oral diet tolerance and the time of return to normal life. In addition, it increased patients’ overall satisfaction with the surgery. In animal study, it was found that the thermal injury was less severe in the wound caused by harmonic scalpel than by electrocautery. Conclusion：Harmonic scalpel tonsillectomy decreases the thermal injury of the adjacent tissue, thus it has advantages over electrocautery in post tonsillectomy morbidity.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.161-171
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• 2001

In order to determine how oral mucosal change relates to inducing factors of burning mouth syndrome, the difference in pain perception scale and keratinization rate between burning mouth syndrome patients and normal subjects were investigated. Twenty patients (13 female, 7 male, mean age: 59 years), presenting in the Department of Oral Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital were participated in this study. All subjects had been complaining of constant oral burning pain for more than a year, none took any strong analgesics, and none had oral mucosal lesions. Twenty volunteers (11 females, 9 males, mean age: 25 years) were also participated in this study as a control group. The control subjects had never had any symptoms of oral burning pain. A thermal stimulation using a Nd-YAG laser and cytological smear were carried out to anterodorsal part of tongue, tip of tongue, the left buccal mucosa, the lower lip mucosa and the chief complaint site. Stimulation of the dorsum of left hand was also carried out to contrast the mucosal area of burning mouth syndrome subjects and the control subjects. The laser output power could be adjusted from 0.75W to 4W. The pain perception scale of the burning mouth syndrome subjects were lower than in control subjects in the chief complaint area, the anterodorsal part of tongue and the buccal mucosa(p<0.01). The keratinization rate of burning mouth syndrome subjects, however, was higher keratinization rate than in normal subjects in the same area and lower lip mucosa(p<0.001). From above results, the anterodorsal part of tongue is the most appropriate site to use diagnostic laser stimulation. The higher level of keratinization and the lower level of thermal pain perception of the burning mouth syndrome subjects are explained as a protective mechanism against xerostomia and burning sensations. The application of Nd-YAG laser stimuli and cytological smear to oral mucosal surface could therefore be usefully employed as appropriate and standardized diagnostic tools for chronic orofacial pain subjects.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.258-262
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• 1994

Thermography is a non-invasive, comfortable, diagnostic technique to monitor successful sympathetic block. We observed abnormal thermal distribution during disease state and then followed with thermography on the process of treatment with stellate ganglion block.