• Title/Summary/Keyword: Thermal Growth Region

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Water Allocation Policy and its Implications in the Waikato Region

  • Brown, Edmund
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2012.05a
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    • pp.11-17
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    • 2012
  • The Waikato River is New Zealand's longest River, though relatively small on international scales. It drains the central North Island and has New Zealand's largest lake (Lake Taupo) at its headwaters. The upper reaches have sustained flows fed by large aquifers which are recharged by rainfall events providing relatively constant river flows, whereas the lower reaches respond more directly to rainfall events having more peaky flows after rainfall and extreme low flows during dry periods. Consumptive allocation from the river is relatively low with only about 3% of the mean annual flow being allocated. However, more than seven times the river's flow is allocated for non-consumptive purposes before discharging to the Tasman Sea. The majority of this non-consumptive allocation is for hydro power generation and as cooling water at both thermal and geothermal power stations which produce up to 25% of New Zealand's electricity. The upper half of the river has been heavily modified with the construction of eight dams for power generation. This has resulted in a succession of cascading dams replacing the previously uncontrolled river. The Waikato River also provides drinking water for Auckland City (NZ's largest city) and Hamilton City (NZ's 4th largest city). In recent years there has also been considerable growth in water requirements for pasture irrigation to support the intensification of dairy farming in the catchment. Operators of the power stations are concerned that any further consumptive allocation will further reduce their ability to generate electricity. The Waikato Regional Council, who is charged with managing the river and allocation of water, has recently set new rules for managing the conflicting allocation demands on the Waikato River. This has resulted in an end to further allocation of water where it results in a loss of water for electricity generation from renewable resources (fresh water and geothermal water). The exception to this is the prioritisation of water for municipal supplies ahead of other consumptive uses such as industries and irrigators.

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Study on Hot Water Immersion Treatment for Control of Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp. in a Ginger, Zingiber officinale (생강에서 뿌리혹선충과 뿌리썩이선충의 사멸을 위한 온탕침지처리 연구)

  • Cho, Donghun;Park, Kyonam;Kim, Yangho;Koh, Kyung-bong;Park, Youngjin
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.56 no.2
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    • pp.171-177
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    • 2017
  • Plant parasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp., are mostly detected in imported bulbs and tubers including a ginger, Zingiber officinale in Korea by quarantine inspection. However, there is little information on hot water immersion treatment (HWIT) for control of exotic nematodes, which induce economic loss by discard or send back to exporter, in imported gingers. In here, we determined that mortality of two plant parasitic nematodes and thermal stability of ginger. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were completely killed at $48^{\circ}C$ and $49^{\circ}C$ for 30 sec by HWIT. Thermal conduction of Z. officinale to reach a target temperature as $50^{\circ}C$ take 10~32 min and 6~16 min for core and inner 5 mm region from surface, respectively. When ginger exposed at $51^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, growth of Z. officinale was not affected by heat treatment compared with control. Based on these results, HWIT at $51^{\circ}C$ for 30 min completely killed artificially infected juveniles of Meloidogyne spp. in Z. officinale. Therefore, this condition for HWIT will be used as fundamental information on phytosanitory to kill two plant parasitic nematodes without damage on ginger.

Electrical Characterization of Ultrathin $SiO_2$ Films Grown by Thermal Oxidation in $N_2O$ Ambient ($N_2O$ 분위기에서 열산화법으로 성장시킨 $SiO_2$초박막의 전기적 특성)

  • Gang, Seok-Bong;Kim, Seon-U;Byeon, Jeong-Su;Kim, Hyeong-Jun
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.63-74
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    • 1994
  • The ultrathin oxide films less than 100$\AA$ were grown by thermal oxidation in $N_2O$ ambient to improve the controllability of thickness, thickness uniformity, process reproducibility and their electrical properties. Oxidation rate was reduced significantly at very thin region due to the formation of oxynitride layer in $N_2O$ ambient and moreover nitridation of the oxide layer was simultaneously accompanied during growth. The nitrogen incorporation in the grown oxide layer was characterized with the wet chemical etch-rate and ESCA analysis of the grown oxide layer. All the oxides thin films grown in $N_2O$, pure and dilute $O_2$ ambients show Fowler-Nordheim electrical conduction. The electrical characteristics of thin oxide films grown in $N_2O$ such as leakage current, electrical breakdown, interface trap density generation due to the injected electron and reliability were better than those in pure or dilute ambient. These improved properties can be explained by the fact that the weak Si-0 bond is reduced by stress relaxation during oxidation and replacement by strong Si-N bond, and thus the trap sites are reduced.

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High temperature properties of surface-modified Hastelloy X alloy (표면처리에 따른 Hastelloy X 합금의 고온물성)

  • Cho, Hyun;Lee, Byeong-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.183-189
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    • 2012
  • Surface treatments and their effects on high temperature properties for the Hastelloy X, which is a promising candidate alloy for high temperature heat-transport system, have been evaluated. For TiAlN and $Al_2O_3$ overlay coatings, the two different PVD (physical vapor deposition) methods using an arc discharge and a sputtering, were applied, respectively. In addition, a different surface treatment method of the diffusion coating by a pack cementation of Al (aluminiding) was also adopted in this study. To achieve enhanced thermal oxidation resistance at $1000^{\circ}C$ by suppressing the inhomogeneous formation of thick $Cr_2O_3$ crust at the surface region, a study for the surface modification methods on the morphological and structural properties of Hastelloy X substrates has been conducted. The structural and compositional properties of each sample were characterized before and after heat-treatment at $1000^{\circ}C$ under air and He environment. The results showed that the Al diffusion coating showed the more enhanced high temperature properties than the overlay coatings such as the suppressed thick $Cr_2O_3$ crust formation and lower wear loss.

The optical and thermal properties of Li2O-BaO-Ga2O3-TeO2-TiO2-GeO2 mid-infrared transmission glass (Li2O-BaO-Ga2O3-TeO2-TiO2-GeO2 계 중적외선 투과 유리의 조성에 따른 광학적, 열적 특성)

  • Minsung Hwang;Jaeyeop Chung
    • Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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    • v.33 no.6
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    • pp.250-254
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    • 2023
  • In this study, Li2O-BaO-Ga2O3-TeO2-TiO2-GeO2 glasses with high transmittance in mid-infrared region and high refractive indices were successfully synthesized. The relationship between glass properties and glass composition was analyzed. In Li2O-BaO-Ga2O3-TeO2-TiO2-GeO2 glass system, as increasing TeO2 concentration, the refractive index increases and the glass transition temperature decreases. In addition, as increasing BaO concentration, the refractive index increases without decrease of Abbe number. The IR-cut off wavelength shifted to the longer wavelength with increasing TeO2 and BaO contents due to their large molecular weight. The glass transition temperature significantly decreases when BaO was replaced with Li2O.

Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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High Strength Nanostructured Metastable Alloys

  • Eckert, Jurgen;Bartusch, Birgit;Schurack, Frank;He, Guo;Schultz, Ludwig
    • Journal of Powder Materials
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    • v.9 no.6
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    • pp.394-408
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    • 2002
  • Nanostructured high strength metastable Al-, Mg- and Ti-based alloys containing different amorphous, quasicrystalline and nanocrystalline phases are synthesized by non-equilibrium processing techniques. Such alloys can be prepared by quenching from the melt or by powder metallurgy techniques. This paper focuses on one hand on mechanically alloyed and ball milled powders containing different volume fractions of amorphous or nano-(quasi)crystalline phases, consolidated bulk specimens and, on the other hand. on cast specimens containing different constituent phases with different length-scale. As one example. $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$- based metallic glass matrix composites are produced by mechanical alloying of elemental powder mixtures containing up to 30 vol.% $Y_2O_3$ particles. The comparison with the particle-free metallic glass reveals that the nanosized second phase oxide particles do not significantly affect the glass-forming ability upon mechanical alloying despite some limited particle dissolution. A supercooled liquid region with an extension of about 50 K can be maintained in the presence of the oxides. The distinct viscosity decrease in the supercooled liquid regime allows to consolidate the powders into bulk samples by uniaxial hot pressing. The $Y_2O_3$ additions increase the mechanical strength of the composites compared to the $Mg_{55}Y_{15}Cu_{30}$ metallic glass. The second example deals with Al-Mn-Ce and Al-Cu-Fe composites with quasicrystalline particles as reinforcements, which are prepared by quenching from the melt and by powder metallurgy. $Al_{98-x}Mn_xCe_2$ (x =5,6,7) melt-spun ribbons containing a major quasicrystalline phase coexisting with an Al-matrix on a nanometer scale are pulverized by ball milling. The powders are consolidated by hot extrusion. Grain growth during consolidation causes the formation of a micrometer-scale microstructure. Mechanical alloying of $Al_{63}Cu_{25}Fe_{12}$ leads to single-phase quasicrystalline powders. which are blended with different volume fractions of pure Al-powder and hot extruded forming $Al_{100-x}$$(Al_{0.63}Cu_{0.25}Fe_{0.12})_x$ (x = 40,50,60,80) micrometer-scale composites. Compression test data reveal a high yield strength of ${\sigma}_y{\geq}$700 MPa and a ductility of ${\varepsilon}_{pl}{\geq}$5% for than the Al-Mn-Ce bulk samples. The strength level of the Al-Cu-Fe alloys is ${\sigma}_y{\leq}$550 MPa significantly lower. By the addition of different amounts of aluminum, the mechanical properties can be tuned to a wide range. Finally, a bulk metallic glass-forming Ti-Cu-Ni-Sn alloy with in situ formed composite microstructure prepared by both centrifugal and injection casting presents more than 6% plastic strain under compressive stress at room temperature. The in situ formed composite contains dendritic hcp Ti solid solution precipitates and a few $Ti_3Sn,\;{\beta}$-(Cu, Sn) grains dispersed in a glassy matrix. The composite micro- structure can avoid the development of the highly localized shear bands typical for the room temperature defor-mation of monolithic glasses. Instead, widely developed shear bands with evident protuberance are observed. resulting in significant yielding and homogeneous plastic deformation over the entire sample.

Effects of Temperature on Reproduction and Development of Udea ferrugalis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (주홍날개들명나방의 생식과 발육에 미치는 온도의 영향)

  • 이기열;안기수;강효중;박성규;김태수
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.205-209
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    • 2002
  • Effects of temperature on the development and reproduction of the Udea ferrugalis Hubner were investigated at various temperatures (10, 15, 18, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30$\^{C}$). The development times of eggs, larvae, prepupae and pupae were shorter in higher temperatures than in lower ones. Egg and pupa did not develop at 10$\^{C}$. The lower developmental threshold temperatures for eggs, larvae, pupae were 9.5, 9.6 and 11.9$\^{C}$, respectively, and their thermal requirements for development completion were 87.9, 200.9 and 119.7 degree-days at the same temperature, respectively. Adult longevity was 25.2 days at 15$\^{C}$, 7.3 at 23$\^{C}$ and 5.3 at 30$\^{C}$. Mean fecundity per female was higher at 20-23$\^{C}$ compared to other temperatures. Mean generation time in days (T) was shorter in higher temperature region. Net reproductive rate per generation (Ro) was lowest at 15$\^{C}$ (138.2) and it was highest at 20$\^{C}$ (265.4). The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r$\_$m/) was highest at 25$\^{C}$ as 0.247. As a result, it was considered that optimum range of temperature for U. ferrugalis growth was 20.0 to 23$\^{C}$.

Dispersion Characteristics of Hydrogen Gas by the Effect of Leakage Hole Size in Enclosure Space (누출공 크기에 따른 밀폐공간 내 수소 가스의 확산 특성)

  • Choi, Jinwook;Li, Longnan;Park, Chul-Woo;Lee, Seong Hyuk;Kim, Daejoong
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.26-35
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    • 2016
  • As a potential clean energy resource, the production and consumption of hydrogen gas are expected to gradually increase, so that hydrogen related studies are also increasing. The thermal and chemical properties of hydrogen result in its high flammability; in particular, there is a high risk if leaks occur within an enclosed space. In this study, we applied the computational fluid dynamics method to conduct a numerical study on the leakage behavior of hydrogen gas and compared these numerical study results with an experimental study. The leakage hole diameter was selected as an important parameter and the hydrogen gas dispersion behavior in an enclosed space was investigated through various analytical methods. Moreover, the flammable regions were investigated as a function of the leakage time and leakage hole size. We found that the growth rate of the flammable region increases rapidly with increasing leakage hole size. We also investigated the relation between the mass flow rate and the critical time when the hydrogen gas reaches the ceiling. The analysis of the monitoring points showed that the hydrogen gas dispersion behavior is isotropic and independent of the geometry. We found that the concentration of gas in an enclosed space is affected by both the leakage flow rate and amount of gas accumulated in the enclosure.

Metamorphism of the amphibolites in the Hwanggangri area, the northeastern region of Ogcheon metamorphic belt, Korea (옥천변성대 북동부 황강리 지역내 앰피볼라이트의 변성작용)

  • 유영복;김형식;권용완;박종길
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.57-81
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    • 2001
  • In the amphibolites of the Hwanggangri area, three metamorphic zones are established like hornblende-actinolite zone (H-AZ), hornblende zone (HZ) and diopside zone (DZ) by the main mineral assemblages. Hornblende zone and hornblende-actinolite zone develope away from the diopside zone that experienced the highest thermal effect. Thus, this pattern identifies the decreasing metamorphic grade of the contact metamorphism with increasing distance from the granitic pluton. The mineral assemblages of this rock are classified into six representative groups such as $\circled1$ actinolite+plagioclase+chlorite, $\circled2$ actinolite+hornblende+plagioclase+chlorite$\pm$epidote$\pm$biotite, $\circled3$ actinolite+hornblende+plagioclass$\pm$biotite$\pm$epidote, $\circled4$ hornblende+plagioclase$\pm$biotite$\pm$chlorite, $\circled5$ hornblende+plagioclase+diopside+actinolite$\pm$epidote$\pm$chlorite, $\circled6$hornblende+plagioclase+diopside$\pm$biotite$\pm$epidote. Two metamorphic events m recognized in the amphibolites of the study area that the first metamorphism is the regional metamorphism dominantly occurred in the whole Ogcheon metamorphic belt and it gave rise to the growth of actinolite at the core or center of the amphibole grains of coarse and medium size. Its metamorphic grade ranges from the greenschist facies to epidote-amphibolite facies. The second metamorphism overlapped is the contact metamorphism caused by the adjacent granitic pluton, and its metamorphic grade is thought to reach to the low pressure part of upper amphibolite facies. According to the calculation by TWEEQU thermobarometry and amphibole-plagioclase thermometry, the metamorphic temperature of initial regional metamorphism is $439-537^{\circ}C$ under pressure of 4.6-7.3 kb and its peak temperature and pressure are considered to reach to the range of 492-537 and 5.2-7.3 kb. And the temperature range of contact metamorphism occurred by intrusion of cretaceous granitic body, is $588-739^{\circ}C$ under pressure of 2.6-5.2 kb and its peak temperature and pressure are estimated as having the range of $697-739^{\circ}C$ and 3.8-5.2 kb that this amphibolites are estimated to pass through the metamorphic evolution of both the rise of temperature and the drop of pressure.

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