• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.365-378
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• 2015

Herein, the preparation of anion exchange membrane (AEM) from brominated poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,6-phenylene oxide) BPPO and dimethylaniline (DMA) by phase-inversion process is reported. Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are prepared by varying the DMA contents. Prepared AEMs show high thermal stability, water uptake (WR) around 202% to 226%, dimensional change ratios of 1.5% to 2.6% and ion exchange capacities (IECs) of 0.34 mmol/g to 0.82 mmol/g with contact angle of $59.18^{\circ}$ to $65.15^{\circ}$. These membranes are porous in nature as confirmed by SEM observation. The porous property of membranes are important as it could reduce the resistance of transportation of ions across the membranes. They have been used in diffusion dialysis (DD) process for recovery of hydrochloric acid (HCl) from the mixture of HCl and ferrous chloride ($FeCl_2$). Presence of $-N+(CH_3)_2C_6H_5Br^-$ as a functional group in membrane matrix facilitates its applications in DD process. The dialysis coefficients of hydrochloric acid ($U_H$) of the membranes are in range of 0.0016 m/h to 0.14 m/h and the separation factors (S) are in range of 2.09 to 7.32 in the $HCl/FeCl_2$ system at room temperature. The porous membrane structure and presence of amine functional group are responsible for the mechanism of diffusion dialysis (DD).

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제5권7호
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• pp.775-780
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• 1995

MOCVD(Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Dposition) TiN 박막을 다양한 온도와 압력에서 tetrakis-dimethyl-amino-titanium(TDMAT (Ti[N($CH_3$)$_2$]$_4$))의 자체 열분해와 NH$_3$와의 반응을 사용하여 형성하였다. 비저항은 박막내의 불순물 함량에 의존하였는데 특히 XPS curve fitting 결과 주요 불순물인 탄소와 산소 같은 불순물들이 박막내에서 다양한 침입형화합물을 만들어 박막의 물리적, 전기적 특성에 영향을 준다는 것을 알았다. Metal-organic source만을 사용하여 TiN을 형성할 경우 지름이 0.5$\mu\textrm{m}$이고 aspect ratio가 3:1인 구멍에서 step coverage가 매우 우수하였으나 NH$_3$를 흘림에 따라 step coverage가 감소하는 것이 SEM으로 확인되었는데 이는 각각의 활성화에너지와 관련된 것으로 보인다.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2009년도 학술논문요약집
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• pp.84-85
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• 2009

New approaches for detecting, preventing and remedying environmental damage are important for protection of the environment. Procedures must be developed and implemented to reduce the amount of waste produced in chemical processes, to detect the presence and/or concentration of contaminants and decontaminate fouled environments. Contamination can be classified into three general types: airborne, surface and structural. The most dangerous type is airborne contamination, because of the opportunity for inhalation and ingestion. The second most dangerous type is surface contamination. Surface contamination can be transferred to workers by casual contact and if disturbed can easily be made airborne. The decontamination of the surface in the nuclear facilities has been widely studied with particular emphasis on small and large surfaces. The amount of wastes being produced during decommissioning of nuclear facilities is much higher than the total wastes cumulated during operation. And, the process of decommissioning has a strong possibility of personal's exposure and emission to environment of the radioactive contaminants, requiring through monitoring and estimation of radiation and radioactivity. So, it is important to monitor the radioactive contamination level of the nuclear facilities for the determination of the decontamination method, the establishment of the decommissioning planning, and the worker's safety. But it is very difficult to measure the surface contamination of the floor and wall in the highly contaminated facilities. In this study, the poly(styrene-ethyl acrylate) [poly(St-EA)] core-shell composite polymer for measurement of the radioactive contamination was synthesized by the method of emulsion polymerization. The morphology of the poly(St-EA) composite emulsion particle was core-shell structure, with polystyrene (PS)as the core and poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) as the shell. Core-shell polymers of styrene (St)/ethyl acrylate (EA) pair were prepared by sequential emulsion polymerization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SOS) as an emulsifier using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The polymer was made by impregnating organic scintillators, 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and 1,4-bis[5-phenyl-2-oxazol]benzene (POPOP). Related tests and analysis confirmed the success in synthesis of composite polymer. The products are characterized by IT-IR spectroscopy, TGA that were used, respectively, to show the structure, the thermal stability of the prepared polymer. Two-phase particles with a core-shell structure were obtained in experiments where the estimated glass transition temperature and the morphologies of emulsion particles. Radiation pollution level the detection about under using examined the beta rays. The morphology of the poly(St-EA) composite polymer synthesized by the method of emulsion polymerization was a core-shell structure, as shown in Fig. 1. Core-shell materials consist of a core structural domain covered by a shell domain. Clearly, the entire surface of PS core was covered by PEA. The inner region was a PS core and the outer region was a PEA shell. The particle size distribution showed similar in the range 350-360 nm.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제41회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.119-119
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• 2011

This study examined the synthesis of large area graphene and the change of its characteristics depending on the ratio of CH4/H2 by using the thermal CVD methods and performed the experiments to control the electron-hole conduction and Dirac-point of graphene by using chemical doping methods. Firstly, with regard to the characteristics of the large area graphene depending on the ratio of CH4/H2, hydrophobic characteristics of the graphene changed to hydrophilic characteristics as the ratio of CH4/H2 reduces. The angle of contact also increased to 78$^{\circ}$ from 58$^{\circ}$. According to the results of Raman spectroscopy showing the degree of defect, the ratio of I(D)/I(G) increases to 0.42% from 0.25% and the surface resistance also increased to 950 ${\Omega}$ from 750 ${\Omega}$/sq. As for the graphene synthesis at the high temperature of 1,000$^{\circ}$ by using CH4/H2 in a Cu-Foil, the possibility of graphene formation was determined as a function of the ratio of H2 included in the fixed quantity of CH4 as per specifications of every equipment. It was observed that the excessive amount of H2 prevented graphene from forming, as extra H-atoms and molecules activated the reaction to C-bond of graphene. Secondly, in the experiment for the electron-hole conduction and the Dirac-point of graphene using the chemical doping method, the shift of Dirac-point and the change in the electron-hole conduction were observed for both the N-type (PEI) and the P-type (Diazonium) dopings. The ID-VG results show that, for the N-type (PEI) doped graphene, Dirac-point shifted to the left (-voltage direction) by 90V at an hour and by 130 V at 2 hours respectively, compared to the pristine graphene. Carrier mobility was also reduced by 1,600 cm2/Vs (1 hour) and 1,100 cm2/Vs (2 hours), compared to the maximum hole mobility of the pristine graphene.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.563-573
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• 2017

매년 화력발전소에서 약 800톤이상 되는 석탄재가 발생되고 있다. 발생되는 석탄재 중 재활용되고 남은 석탄재는 회처리장에 매립되고 있다. 현재 회처리장 용량에는 한계가 있고, 석탄재 매립으로 인한 환경영향의 우려로 회처리장 신규 확보도 어려운 상황이다. 환경영향 최소화라는 측면에서 석탄재 재활용 및 유효이용이 향후 장기적 국가적으로 시급하게 해결해야 할 문제로 인식되고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 국내 석탄재 재활용 확대를 가로막고 있는 문제점을 분석하여 해외 사례를 바탕으로 친환경적 국토관리와 자원순환사회를 위한 석탄재 재활용 확대 방안을 제안 하고자 하였다. 국내 석탄재 재활용 확대 방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 석탄재를 재활용 할 수 있는 법적 근거를 마련하는 것이다. 이를 위해서는 환경성 예측 평가에 대한 기법과 기준 및 체계 개발이 필요하다. 둘째, 이해관계자들의 인식 전환을 유도하는 것이다. 석탄재의 환경 안전성에 대한 연구 및 홍보가 필요하며 이해관계자들의 적극적인 의사소통 및 정보 제공이 필요하다. 셋째, 석탄재 재활용을 활성화 할 수 있는 실제적인 지원방안이 필요하다. 정책방안으로는 석탄재 처리비 지원, 석탄재 공급센터 설치 등이 있다.

• 공업화학
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2017

이축압출기(twin screw extruder)를 이용하여 $190^{\circ}C$에서 말레인산 무수물(maleic anhydride, MAH)과 스티렌 모노머(styrene monomer, SM)의 함량을 변화시켜가며 MAH와 SM이 그래프트된 폴리프로필렌(PP-g-MAH-SM) 공중합체를 제조하였다. 제조한 PP-g-MAH-SM 공중합체의 그래프트율은 비수용성 역적정을 통하여 측정하였으며, 동일한 MAH 함량에서 SM이 사용된 경우 높은 그래프트율을 나타내었다. 그래프트율에 따른 PP-g-MAH-SM/케나프섬유(kenaf fiber, KF) 복합체를 $200^{\circ}C$에서 제조하였고, KF의 함량은 20 wt%로 고정시켰다. 복합체에 대한 열중량분석기(TGA)의 분해온도에 따르면, MAH 만 적용된 PP-g-MAH 보다 MAH와 SM이 함께 적용된 PP-g-MAH-SM 복합체의 열안정성이 다소 우세하였다. 복합체의 기계적 강도 또한 MAH와 SM이 함께 적용된 경우에 개선정도가 우수하였다. 계면접착정도는 파단면의 SEM과 접촉각으로 확인하였다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2004

일반적으로 코팅은 철근 콘크리트를 보호하기 위해 사용되어지며, 이러한 목적으로 사용되어지는 코팅에는 무기계 뿐만 아니라 유기계 코팅이 있다. 무기계 코팅의 장점은 자외선 흡수성이 적고 불연성이라는 것이며, 반면 유기계 코형의 장점은 $CO_2, SO_2$투과성 및 물의 투수성이 낮으며, 철근 콘크리트의 보호능력은 유기계 코팅이 더 우수하다. 그러나 에폭시, 우레탄 및 아크릴과 같은 유기계 코팅은 콘크리트와의 열팽창계수와 탄성계수 차이로 인해 장기 접착강도가 저하되고, 통기성이 부족하여 형성된 막에 들뜸이 발생된다. 또한 유기계 코팅이 콘크러트의 습윤면에 적용될 경우에는 접착의 문제가 발생된다. 본 연구에서는 콘크리트를 보호하기 위해 폴리머와 세라믹을 합성시켜 개발된 코팅제의 물리 성능과 내구 성능 및 용출 안전성에 대한 시험을 하였다. 개발된 코팅계에 대하여 유기계 코팅재 및 에폭시와 비교하였으며, 시험결과 개발된 코팅재는 콘크리트를 보호하기 위한 유기계 코팅재에 비해 성능이 떨어지지 않았고, 반면 용출 안전성 측면에서는 에폭시보다 더 우수함을 보였다. 특히 물과 접해 있는 지하 콘크리트구조물을 보호하는 데에 적합하며, 무기계와 유기계 코팅재의 장점을 갖은 콘크리트 보호용 코팅재라고 판단된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.284-294
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• 2006

Statement of problem. Proliferation of Candida albicans is primarily within the plaque on the fitting surface of the denture rather than on the inflamed mucosa. Consequently, the treatment of the denture is equally important as treatment of the tissue. Cleansing and disinfection should be efficiently carried-out as the organisms can penetrate into the voids of the acrylic resin and grow in them, from which they can continue to infect and reinfect bearing tissues. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the applicability of photocatalytic reaction to eliminate Candida albicans from acrylic resin denture base, and to investigate the anti-fungal effect with various UVA illumination time. Materials and Methods. The specimens were cured by the conventional method following the manufacturer's instruction using thermal polymerized denture base resin (Vertex RS: Dentimex, Netherlands). $TiO_2$ photocatalyst sol(LT), which is able to be coated at normal temperature, was made from the Ti-alkoxide progenitor. The XRD patterns, TEM images and nitrogen absorption ability of the $TiO_2$ photocatalyst sol(LT) were compared with the commercial $TiO_2$ photocatalyst P-25. The experimental specimens were coated with the mixture of the $TiO_2$ photocatalyst sol(LT) and binder material (silane) using dip-coater, and uncoated resin plates were used as the control group. Crystallinity of $TiO_2$ of the specimen was tested by the XRD. Size, shape and chemical compositions were also analyzed using the FE-SEM/ EDS. The angle and methylene blue degradation efsciency were measured for evaluating the photocatalytic activity of the $TiO_2$ film. Finally, the antifungal activity of the specimen was tested. Candida albicans KCTC 7629(1 ml, initial concentration $10^5$ cells/ ml) were applied to the experiment and control group specimens and subsequently two UVA light source with 10W, 353 nm peak emission were illuminated to the specimens from 15cm above. The extracted $2{\mu}l$ of sample was plated on nutrient agar plate ($Bacto^{TM}$ Brain Heart Infusion; BD, USA) with 10 minute intervals for 120 minute, respectively. It was incubated for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ and the colony forming units (CFUs) were then counted. Results. Compared the characteristics of LT photocatalyst with commercial P-25 photocatalyst, LT were shown higher activity than P-25. The LT coated experimental specimen surface had anatase crystal form, less than 20 nm of particle size and wide specific surface area. To evaluate the photocatalytic activity of specimens, methylene blue degradation reaction were used and about 5% of degradation rate were measured after 2 hours. The average contact angle was less than $20^{\circ}$ indicating that the LT photocatalyst had hydrophilicity. In the antifungal activity test for Candida albicans, 0% survival rate were measured within 30 minute after irradiation of UVA light. Conclusion. From the results reported above, it is concluded that the UVA-LT photocatalytic reaction have an antifungal effect on the denture surface Candida albicans, and so that could be applicable to the clinical use as a cleaning method.

• 폴리머
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.70-76
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• 2008

UV 조사방법으로 poly(ethersulfone) PES 막에 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid(BTCA)를 그래프트 공중합하고, 이를 아민화시켜 PES 음이온교환막을 합성하였으며, 이들의 구조 및 특성을 확인하였다. PES 음이온교환막의 그래프트율과 아민화율은 반응 시간에 따라 증가하였으며, 80분에서 최대 134%, 1.20 mmol/g이었다. PES 음이온교환막의 초기 열분해온도는 $400^{\circ}C$로 표면개질반응이 진행됨에 따라 감소하였다. PES 음이온교환막의 접촉각은 아민화율이 증가함에 따라 $68.1^{\circ}{\sim}40.2^{\circ}$로 감소하였으며, 함수율과 이온교환용량은 UV 조사시간이 증가함에 따라 80분까지 선형적으로 증가하였다. 또한 막의 평균 기공의 크기와 비표면적은 PES 막, PES-g-BTCA 공중합체막, PES 음이온교환막의 순이었으며, 평균기공 크기값은 624.8, 359.7, 138.5 ${\AA}$, 비표면적은 10.1, 9.7, 1.7 $m^2/g$이었다.

• 청정기술
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2012

폴리비닐알코올(PVA)을 증류수를 사용하여 용액으로 만든 후, 소수성을 가지는 비닐트리에톡시실란(VTEOS)을 이용하여 개질하였다. 실란으로 개질된 PVA 용액에 폴리아크릴산(PAA)을 함량별로 넣어 제조하였다. 다양한 PAA 함량에 따라 제조된 필름으로 열적-기계적 성질, 접촉각, 수분 투과율, 산소 투과율을 측정하였다. 필름의 유리 전이 온도는 비닐트리에톡시실란으로 개질한 경우 약간 높아졌으나, PAA의 함량에 따른 변화는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 비닐트리에톡시실란으로 개질된 PVA/ PAA 필름의 인장 강도는 9.48~10.72 $kg/mm^2$으로 PVA와 큰 차이가 나지 않았다. 비닐트리에톡시실란으로 개질된 PVA와 PAA의 비율이 90/10인 필름의 경우 팽윤도 198%, 용해도 10%로 측정되어 PVA에 비하여 내수성이 개선되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 비닐트리에톡시실란으로 개질된 PVA와 PAA의 비율이 90/10인 필름(두께 2.5 ${\mu}m$)을 PET 필름(두께 50 ${\mu}m$) 위에 코팅하여 제조된 필름의 수분 투과율과 산소 투과율은 각각 11.04 $g/m^2/day$와 3.1 $cc/m^2/day$로 측정되었다.