• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1696-1700
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of different feeding levels of concentrate (85, 100 and 115%) and age (15, 18 and 24 month) on fatty acid synthetase (FAS) activities in the 4 locations of adipose tissues (intermuscular, ITER; intramuscular, ITRA; kidney, KIDN and subcutaneous, SUBC) of 36 Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) steers. Steers of 100% feeding group were fed the amount of concentrate to meet the daily nutrient requirements, and the steers of second and third groups were fed concentrates at the levels of 85% and 115% of that of control group, respectively, up to 18 month of age. Thereafter, the steers were fed ad libitum up to 24 month of age. Feeding level of concentrates tended to affect the FAS activity of various adipose tissues in Hanwoo steers of each age. The FAS activity of ITER adipose tissue had the decreasing trend as the age of steers advanced while those of ITRA and SUBC adipose tissues had the slightly increasing tendency with age. The FAS activity based on the pooled data increased with the feeding level of concentrates (115%) in which the activities from all 4 adipose depots were higher than those with the lowest (85%) feeding level. Similar trend was observed from the pooled data of feeding level of concentrates by age of steers in which the FAS activities for all 3 ages were increased with feeding levels of concentrates. But the response in the FAS activity to the feeding level varied with age.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.487-491
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• 1994

The experiment was carried out to study the digestibility of nutrients in the neutralized urea-treated rice straw when it was fed singly or in combination with concentrates. A total of 8 crossbred Holstein steers were randomly allocated in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design consisted of 4 treatments, in which the neutralized straw/concentrates ratio on DM basis varied as 100/0, 90/10, 80/20 and 70/30. The results indicated that the digestibility of DM, ether extract and NFE, and TDN and DE of the diets tended to increase with an increase in the level of concentrates. Regression analysis showed that the values of intercepts should be used for estimating DM digestibility, TDN and DE of neutralized straw, when it was fed with concentrates. Digestibilities of crude fiber, NDF and ADF tended to be higher when it was fed singly than when fed with concentrates. Digestibilities of organic matter and CP were not so much changed with the increasing level of concentrates. Although the animals singly fed the neutralized straw showed positive body weight gain and N-balance, it should be necessary to supplement the concentrates to get more body weight gain and N-balance in the crossbred Holstein steers.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal cooking conditions in preparing jujube concentrates using various boiling times (5, 10, 15, 20 hours). The moisture contents of the concentrate samples ranged from 38.86 to 42.36%. Crude protein content was highest in the 15 hr-boiled concentrate, crude fat was highest in the 20 hr-boiled concentrate and both the 15 and 20 hr boiled concentrates had high crude fiber contents. There were no differences in color L- and a-values by boiling time; however, the b-value decreased with increasing boiling time. The pH levels of the concentrates ranged from 5.24 to 5.27, and the brix level increased with increasing boiling time. Glucose was the primary of free sugar in the concentrates and its highest level was 102.3 ${\mu}M$ in the 20 hr-boiled concentrate. The 15 hr-boiled concentrate had the highest electron donating ability to 46.68%. The total polyphenol contents of the concentrates ranged from 21.53 to 24.56%, in which the 15-boiled concentrate had the highest level (24.56%). In the sensory evaluation, the 15-hr-boiled concentrate again performed well, showing the highest overall acceptability scores. From these results, 15 hrs was the optimal boiling time for preparing jujube concentrate in terms of obtaining functional compounds and overall product acceptability.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.469-475
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a cotreatment of bamboo concentrates (Jukcho solution; 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 mL/kg) with the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel on the bioavailability of orally administered paclitaxel (50 mg/kg) in rats. The effect of a pretreatment of bamboo concentrates (1.5 and 3.0 mL/kg for 1.0 h or a consecutive 3 day) was also examined. The paclitaxel plasma concentrations of rats orally administered paclitaxel plus bamboo concentrates (coadministration, 3.0 mL/kg and pretreatment, 1.5 and 3.0 mL/kg) were significantly higher than those of rats treated with paclitaxel alone. Plasma concentrations of paclitaxel in groups pretreated with bamboo concentrates for 3 day were markedly higher than those of a paclitaxel control group at the measured time points. The areas under plasma concentration-time curves (AUCs) of paclitaxel in groups pretreated with bamboo concentrates were elevated and the absolute bioavailability ($AB\%$) and relative bioavailability ($RB\%$) of paclitaxel were also significantly higher than those in the control group. The peak concentration ($C_{max}$), half-life ($t_{1/2}$), and the elimination rate constant ($K_{el}$) of paclitaxel after 3 day of pretreatment with bamboo concentrates were also significantly higher than those in the control, but the time required to reach the maximum plasma concentration ($T_{max}$) of paclitaxel was unaffected by the bamooo concentrates. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the level of CYP3A4 was increased in the livers of rats treated orally with paclitaxel, but this was reversed by pretreating with bamboo concentrates. These results show that bamboo concentrates enhance the bioavailability of orally administered paclitaxel and this effect may be associated with a diminished expression of CYP3A4 in the liver.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.101-112
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the level of concentrates and pasture grazing in 60 head of spring born Hanwoo heifers(initial body weight; 125.3kg) for 450days from six to 21 months in age. Feeding trial was conducted with 5 treatment(twelve heads/ treatment) which were T1(1.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates and indoor feeding for over-all period), T2(0.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing), T3(1.0% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing), T4(1.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing), T5(2.0% of apparent body weight in concentrates for pre-pasture grazing and pasture grazing). During the total experimental period, average daily gains by treatments ranged from 0.322 to 0.465kg(average 0.405kg) and higher in the order of T5, T4, T1, T3 and T2, and increased with the level of concentrates feeding for pre-pasture grazing. TDN intakes required per unit of kilogram gain were 9.13 to 9.79kg(average 9.49kg) higher in the order of T1, T3, T5, T4 and T2, For the grazing period, they were ranged from 12.39 to 12.98kg(average 12.68kg), and were not significantly different. But TDN requirements of grazing groups was higher about 15.6% than the indoor feeding group’s. The rate of roughage to concentrates by treatments were 57.8 to 73.6%(average 63.7%). The body weight of 15 and 21 month in ages, that is, the ages at puberty and first conception by treatments were 201.2 to 230.7kg(average 223.8kg) and 270.2 to 331.4kg (average 307.6kg), respectively, and the latter were high per unit of 20.4kg by increasing the level of concentrates feeding for pre-pasture grazing every 0.5% addition of apparent body weight. The age of 225 and 275kg in body weight, that is, the body weight at puberty and first conception by treatments were 14.0 to 17.6 month (average 15.3 month) and 17.9 to 21.7 month(average 19.4), respectively, and the latter were shorter about 1.3 month by increasing the level of concentrates feeding every 0.5% addition of apparent body weight. According to the above results, it may be concluded that spring born Hanwoo heifers are raised at indoor have to feed with 1.8% of body weight in concentrates under full feeding of rice straws for all period from six to 21 months in age, but with 1.5% of apparent body weight in concentrates for grazing period.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.388-401
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the total digestible nutrients (TDN) level of commercial concentrates on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat composition of late fattening Hanwoo steers. A total of 28 steers were randomly assigned to one of four dietary groups; T1 (73.30% TDN), T2 (74.50% TDN), T3 (76.40% TDN), and T4 (77.10% TDN). Average daily gain (ADG) was slightly but not significantly higher in the T2 than in the other treatments. Dry matter intake (DMI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in the T2 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Carcass back fat thickness was thicker in the T4 and marbling score was higher in the T2 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The TDN level of concentrates had no effect on the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle. The finding of this study indicate that less than 74% or greater than 75% TDN in the commercial concentrate did not contribute to improve ADG, FCR, marbling score; therefore, in the present study, the recommendable TDN level in the commercial concentrate for late fattening period was 74% to 75% in terms of growth performance and marbling score of Hanwoo steer.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.975-986
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• 2003

Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the level of concentrates and pasture grazing in 36 autumn born Hanwoo heifers(initial body weight, 119.7${\pm}$25.6kg) for 426d including 195d for a pasture stage. The animals were fed commercial concentrates at a rate of 0.5%(T1), 1.0%(T2), 1.5%(T3) and 2.0%(T4) of body weight, respectively, for pre- and post-pasture. 1. Mean daily gains by treatments were 0.348, 0.403, 0.450 and 0.501kg for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, indicating that increases in concentrates intake was associated with the daily gain of grazing Hanwoo heifers. However, the mean daily gain was the highest for T2 during the pasture stage. 2. TDN intakes per 1kg gain were, on average, 8.61kg for the entire experimental period and 9.22kg for the pasture stage, respectively. In addition, the rate of roughage to concentrate during the entire experimental period was 49.6 to 68.2%(mean 58.5%). 3. Age reached 225 and 250kg of body weight was, on an average, 15.1mo. and 17.6mo., respectively, indicating that increasing the level of concentrates feeding(by 0.5% of body weight) reduced the first pregnancy by 0.9 mo. Ages and body weight for first service were 19.5mo. and 272.2 kg, respectively. Mean pregnant rate of total heads was approximately 52.8%, but appeared to 66.6% for T3 and T4. Therefore, it may be concluded that the optimum level of concentrates for autumn born Hanwoo heifers is 1.8% of body weight for indoor feeding on rice straw-based diet and 1.5% of body weight for a pasture stage, respectively.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.709-716
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal cooking conditions for astringent persimmon concentrates. With increasing time of concentration, the moisture contents and L-, a- and b-values all decreased, whereas the brix level and viscosity increased. The crude protein, fiber and ash increased and the vitamin C decreased by concentrating. The pH was the lowest at 23 hrs of boiling concentration. With longer boiling concentration time, the fructose, glucose, and sucrose levels increased but the maltose level decreased. The DPPH radical scavenging effects of astringent persimmon concentrates were more than 92%. The total phenolics, flavanol tannin, leucoanthocyanin, and chlorogenic acid levels increased with longer boiling concentration time. In the sensory evaluation of the astringent persimmon concentrates, overall acceptability was the best at the 23-hr boiling concentration. From the above results, the 23-hr boiling, astringent persimmon concentrates could be useful for cooking in terms of obtaining the high amounts of phenolic compounds as functional compounds and overall acceptability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.253-259
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• 1997

Holstein Friesian and Jersey crossbreds are being widely introduced in the state of Gujarat in India. This paper evaluates feeding practices at farm level and examines whether the crossbreds fit into the existing mixed farm systems. Over a period of four years milk-offtake and feeds offered were recorded for 1331 cows at fortnightly intervals. The breed and the amount of concentrates fed contributed most to the variation in milk offtake. The introduction of crossbred cattle has a major impact on smallholder mixed farming systems. Crossbreds produced, on average, 1.8 times more milk than Desi, Gir, and Kankrej cows. They were fed 1.4 times more concentrates, and about 1.2 times more green and dry feeds than local cows. The major limiting constraint is the quality of the roughages offered. Farmers with crossbreds try to adjust their feeding of concentrates according to the needs of their cows. On tribal farms, local cows produced less milk than on non-tribal farms, whereas crossbreds produced the same amount of milk on both tribal and non-tribal farms. Crossbreds fit into the farming systems of both tribal and non-tribal farmers. The differences in agro-climatic characteristics between different areas in Gujarat were not reflected in differences in milk offtakes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different crude protein levels in the concentrates on carcass and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. A total of thirty 5.3-month-old castrated Hanwoo calves ($135.6{\pm}10.52$ kg) were randomly allocated into either control or treatment group. The animals were separately housed to 5 heads per group. Crude protein levels in concentrates for growing, fattening, and finishing phases were 14, 13, and 11% for control group and 16, 15, and 14% for treatment group respectively. Comparative analysis of carcass characteristics, physico-chemical characteristics, and fatty acid composition in M. longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo steers were carried out. There was no statistical difference in average cold carcass weight between control (411.9 kg) and treatment (419.9 kg) group. Also, dietary crude protein level in concentrates did not affect M. longissimus dorsi area, backfat thickness, and meat yield index. In contrast, the marbling score in treatment group was higher (p<0.05) than the control group. Also, treatment group showed significantly higher (p<0.05) values than control group for CIE L-value, Mono-unsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid composition. Therefore increasing crude protein levels of concentrates in Hanwoo steers during growing and fattening phases might be beneficial for the improvement of meat quality.