• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.101-118
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• 2023

Purpose - Korea became a trillion-dollar trading country in 2011. With the exponential increase in Korea's trade volume over the past decades, trade-related administrative burdens per capita for Korea Customs became enormous, for which the government established the Single Window, a trade-facilitating system, in 2004 to enhance the efficiency of customs-clearing procedures for traders. This paper focuses on finding whether the Korean Single Window system affects the country's trade facilitation positively through an empirical methodology. Design/methodology - To find empirical evidence that Single Window affects trade facilitation for the customs-clearing procedure, this study assumes that a time-efficient environment enables the handling of the increase in trade volume, under which four independent variables related to import customs-clearing procedures and two dependent variables to import were adopted for empirical analysis. The import customs procedures are classified into four steps from port entry to declaration acceptance. To understand the relationship between variables, scattered plots and correlation coefficients were calculated. Eight hypotheses were set and underwent simple linear regression. The data for analysis were collected by Korea Customs, and were about the lead time of import, the volume of imports in million USD, and the number of import declarations reported to customs offices on a monthly basis from 2005 to 2013. Findings - Six of the eight hypotheses showed the statistically significant result that lead time in the import customs-clearing procedure positively affects the number of import declaration reports and import volume. Specifically, Hypothesis 1, Hypothesis 2, and Hypothesis 3 strongly support the assumption lead time in import customs declaration has an inverse relationship with the number of import declarations, which means that the shorter the import lead time, the more import declaration increases. Research Limitations/Implications - With limited data accessibility to the government's custom-sclearing procedures, only the import lead time for customs clearance were adopted as independent variables. This paper, however, successfully found that the Single Window system contributed to trade facilitation. Originality/value - This study found that the time-saving Single Window system of Korea Customs enables itself to manage an exponentially-increasing trade volume by creating a trade-facilitating environment for customs personnel and traders, which may be a unique implication found through quantitative methodology.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.141-165
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• 1999

The Customs Act provides for a general rule all goods entering Korea shall be subject to customs duties as set in the customs tariff schedules as other fees and taxes determined except those excluded by virtue of the Customs Act or intentional agreements. Importation begins from the time carrying vessel or aircraft enters Korea territorial jurisdiction with the intention to unload the same until the time the goods are released or withdrawn from the customhouse upon payment of the appropriate duties. Imported articles may be categorized into prohibited importations, dutiable importations and conditionally free importation. Some other articles are qualifiedly prohibited, meaning they can enter the country after compliance with certain conditions. If there is any conduct violating these act, criminal sanctions may be imposed for the prevention and suppression of smuggling and other frauds, and the enforcement of tariff and customs act. As a result importers who intentionally violates Korea Customs Act may be subject to criminal prosecution. Many major provisions of customs act have imposed severe sanctions for customs crimes in comparison with other crimes due to general rule of criminal law. There is a great deal of activity in Pusan area relating to smuggling of narcotics and prohibited drugs, obscene articles and weapons. On one side, criminals who seek to profit by narcotics or drug threaten public health and human environment, On other side, weapon smuggling is a significant threat to our national security. However the studies on customs crime and customs act have not been viewed. Thus this Article overviews especially the customs crime and criminal sanction focused on domestic customs act.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.271-282
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• 2024

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine legal problems in managing special customs clearance companies that were not covered in previous studies, and seek legal solutions. Design/methodology/approach - This study tries to analyze and the Administrative Rules related to special customs clearance and suggest alternatives since the management of the special customs clearance system is mainly carried out through Administrative Rules. Findings - The definition of a consignment carrier under the Customs Act does not reflect the reality, and the subject of registration does not coincide with the Customs Act and Administrative Rules. Article 2 of the Customs Act, the definition of consignments and the subject of registration of consignment forwarders should include international logistics forwarders who "arrange logistics of import and export cargo". In the E-commerce Administrative Rules revised in July 2023, the registration of e-commerce companies subject to special customs clearance, the registration of companies with preferential customs clearance and notification of changes, and the provision of preferential customs clearance can be seen as new legislation beyond the mandate of the Customs Act. Research implications or Originality - It it time to allow recipients and agents to submit customs clearance lists to protects the rights of goods recipients.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.766-773
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• 2015

This study analyzes the chemical composition of green tea, white tea, yellow tea, oolong tea and black tea with respect to extraction temperature and time. The optimum extraction conditions for these teas were determined by assessing the chemical composition of tea brewed at different temperature (50, 60, 70, $80^{\circ}C$) and extraction times (1, 3, 5, 10 minute). Catechins contents were the largest at 5 minutes and generally declined by 10 minutes. Green tea catechins contents were highest when brewed at $70^{\circ}C$ and besides other teas a change of the trend variation at 70 and $80^{\circ}C$. These temperatures did not extract theaflavins in green tea. Extract temperature and time did not significantly affect theaflavins content of white tea, yellow tea, and oolong tea. Black tea, however, was noticeably dependent on extract conditions, which were most effective at $70^{\circ}C$, brewed for 5 minutes. Caffeine content of green tea, yellow tea, and oolong tea was highest at 5 minutes, but temperature did not appear to affect the content. White tea and black tea caffeine content was highest when brewed at $70^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes. Theobromine content of green tea, yellow tea, oolong tea, and black tea did not show major differences between the study times or temperature, though the content in white tea increased with higher temperatures when brewed for 5 minutes. The extraction of phenolic compounds increased until 5 minutes, and showed not further increase at 10 minutes. Antioxidant capacity of green tea, white tea, and yellow tea were maximized at $70^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes or $80^{\circ}C$ for 3 minutes, while oolong and black tea were reached maximum antioxidants at $70^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes. In general, to optimize the beneficial chemical content of brewed tea, a water temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes is recommended.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.289-312
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• 2009

Under the circumstance of increasing international trade volumes and limitation of customs human resources, it is necessary to shift the customs' revenue collection activities and audit method from a transaction-based approach to an account-based approach. Thus, in 1997, U.S. Customs services established the Account Management Program. The Account Management Program is designed to increase importer compliance and improve customer service through one-on-one interaction with business entities and a designated Customs representative(Account Manager). The Account Management Program is a comprehensive process that includes the following stages and activities ; selection of a potential Account, establishment of the Account, management of the Account. In 2009, Korea Customs service introduced and executed the Account Management Program. But owing to its early stages, Korea Customs service does not suggest effective direction of development of the AM program. So I can propose the following improvements of the Account Management Program in Korea. Firstly, the Account Managers have to be assigned more traders than AEOs(Authorized Economic Operators). Secondly, it is necessary that Customs service appoints part-time port Account Managers to help more traders to improve customs compliance. Thirdly, thought should be given as to Account can be expanded to encompass both small and medium enterprises(SME) by providing customs brokers managing their customs business on the behalf of the SME with the Account Managers. Lastly, Customs service has to establish performance measures and action plan for the Account Management Program.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.35
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• pp.304-319
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to investigate seasonal customs of "Hae-Dong-Jug-Ji". Cheo Yeong-hyeon was a literary man who passed away when Joseon Dynasty ruined after great change of dynasty. As the interest in the customs had also, there appeared a lot of books on common customs in each seasons. As a result, Chinese poems on the seasonal common customs turned up a great deal. Among these, "Hae-Dong-Jug-Ji" written by Cheo Yeong-hyeon is one of the representative poems which described the seasonal customs at that time. As the details of customs and lives in every work is described deliberately, the poem is very clear and realistic. This is the very achievement of the poet.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.130-138
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• 2023

The traffic flow in an urban area is affected by the date, weather, and regional traffic flow. The existing methods are weak to model the dynamic road network features, which results in inadequate long-term prediction performance. To solve the problems regarding insufficient capacity for dynamic modeling of road network structures and insufficient mining of dynamic spatio-temporal features. In this study, we propose a novel traffic flow prediction framework called shared spatio-temporal attention convolution optimization network (SSTACON). The shared spatio-temporal attention convolution layer shares a spatio-temporal attention structure, that is designed to extract dynamic spatio-temporal features from historical traffic conditions. Subsequently, the graph optimization module is used to model the dynamic road network structure. The experimental evaluation conducted on two datasets shows that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods at all time intervals.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.53-72
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• 2001

This study focuses on analyzing the economic effects and probes the necessity of establishing a customs free zone at the Port of Busan. It first considers the economic effects of establishing a customs free zone at the Port of Busan, then suggests policy prescriptions for introducing and operating the free zone system and improving the logistics functions of the Port. The timeline of this study is focused on 2007, when all of Busan Port will operate as a customs free zone and the first stage of the New Busan Port and distribution parks will be built and opened for operation. The regression analysis, which was conducted using the inter-industry relations table(input-output table data), provided a quantitative prediction on the effects of making Busan Port into a customs free zone. Regarding the impact of a free zone system on the domestic and regional economy, this research found that the impact of a customs free zone on domestic industries and the regional economy once the customs free zone is established throughout all of Busan Port would be highly positive. The positive economic effects on the domestic and Busan regional economy might be further strengthened if the value-added logistics function of Busan Port could be supplemented by effective linking to the hinterlands.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.20
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• pp.241-265
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to examine the customs clearance impediment and trade parties breaches of international sales contract by the impediment. Customs clearance impediment arises when (a)clearance is not permitted, (b) importation goods are confiscated, (c)clearance delay without expectation, and (d) additional excessive trade cost caused in the process of clearance. This kind of clearance impediment may cause the breach of international sales contract. And it depends on its contents of contract and causal sequence i.e. cause and effect respectively in determining who is liable for it. If one party exemptions by Article 79 CISG, next three elements must be proved. (a)The failure was due to an impediment beyond his control; (b)the impediment was reasonably unforeseeable at the time of the conclusion of the contract, and (c)the impediment was reasonably impossible to overcome. But the customs clearance impediment is not easy to prove these three elements, the party who is responsible the customs clearance may not be exemptions by Article 79 CISG. And, according to review, it is concluded that the buyer, rather than seller, is liable for the damage which is caused in the process of clearance. It is also confirmed that the seller is sometimes liable for depending on clauses of contracts i.e. quality conditions.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.101-114
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• 2023

With the development of information and communication technology and the growth of e-commerce, the scale of international B2C transactions is expanding, and the scale of overseas direct purchase through online platforms will grow further in the future. However, with the growth of overseas direct purchase, the scale of illegal income is also growing, causing social problems. Under the current Customs Act, if a purchasing agent falsely provides a customs value and a shortage of tax occurs, the purchasing agent and the consumer, the shipper at the time of import declaration, are jointly and severally liable for tax payment. enemy improvement is needed This study proposed opinions on the problem of consumer damage caused by purchasing agents and institutional improvement in the Customs Act to solve it.