• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.135-151
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• 2004

U.S. organic farming has grown rapidly-20 percent or more annually-throughout the 1990s, which kept pace with consumer demand for organically produced food. Thus certified organic acreage is the total to 235 million acres in 48 state in 2001, and SO the U.S. ranked fourth in land area managed under organic farming systems. And according to several surveys, consumer's reasons for purchasing organic food are health and nutrition, taste and environmental concerns. California and North Dakota were the top two states in 2001 for certified organic cropland; the former with mostly fruits and vegetables, and the latter with wheat, soybeans, and other crops. And the top two states for certified organic pasture were Colorado and Texas. And then several states such as Iowa and Minnesota have begun subsidizing conversion to organic farming systems as a way to capture the environmental benefits of these systems. The price of organic produce fluctuates rather broadly because of being traded by market economy principle and of demand-supply disequilibrium. Nevertheless, average price premiums for organic produce are higher than the prices for the produce under conventional farming. Future prospects for U.S. organic farming are as follows; Demand for organically grown foods is expected to continue growing at a rapid pace, as more growers convert to organic production and more processors and distributors expand organic selections in their product lines. And new processed products and new types of healthy foods are likely to appear on the market, and some new organic products will be aimed at mainstream markets.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.85-103
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• 2016

This study deals with a research on Korean American economy and Korean banks operated in California where a large percentage of Korean residents in the U.S. is concentrated. Using date published by U.S. Census and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), quantitative analyses have been performed on the asset, employment, market share and other features of selected Korean American financial institutions. Also, each bank's status of financing and asset management are reviewed through the analysis of its balance sheets. The outcome of analysis on the status of Korean American banks are summarized as follows: First, Korean American banks are shown to be growing to become major banks with equivalent scale as mainstream banks. Second, the recently improved fundamentals of Korean American banks are identified. Third, the operational performances of Korean American banks are verified to be similar to the average of Californian banks.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.443-459
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• 2008

This paper examines the discourse of masturbation in modern England and aims to re-draw the map of male sexuality related to such issues as nation, empire, family, and economy. It argues that the discourse of masturbation in modern England reflects national anxieties for the future of empire and an economic concern for unproductive sexual behavior, which were the main factors to transform masturbation into "solitary vice." The anxieties about empire and British dominance were constituted as the core of the anti-masturbation discourse on the boys. The imperial destiny was regarded to depend on the protection of the middle- and upper-class boys from the harmful psychological and physiological effects of masturbation represented in Lawrence's "The Rocking-Horse Winner." In the case of a single male, the concern for masturbation is constructed as a concern about economy, family, and human solidarity. As seen in Eliot's Silas Marner, the act of masturbation was condemned as the fulfillment of illegitimate sexual desire outside the familial sphere and a commercial economy, and thus without the possibility of human community. Silas Marner and Meredith's The Ordeal of Richard Feverel show the ways of reconstituting sexual others as normalized subjects: Boys were forced to be asexual through the regime of surveillance; and a single male was required to enroll in a remedial course on familial respectability.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.1
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• pp.333-362
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• 1997

Since the profess of the reformation and opening Policy in 1978, China has been outstandingly developed its economy and increased the real scale of its economy 4 times as big as before, and is expected to rise as a superpower holding in check U.S.A even in economy as well as politics, military affairs and diplomacy in the 21st century. In this position, China has constantly tried to join WTO since 1986, as an effort to gain a status in the international society. It hsa been making various economic reformations to provoke a crustal movement in its own economy such as tariffs lowering measurement for the almost whole items, remove of restriction of import items, lowering the refunding rate of over deposit tax and annihilation of the special treatments for the foreign investment. In short, recently Chinese government is cutting down the special treatments for the foreign capital enterprises and changing the policy to the direction of gradually reinforcing the control, so it requires that our enterprises trying to advance and invest in China have to consider these carefully. Investment in China of our enterprises become serious since 1990 is focused on such labor intensive industries as textiles, sewing and shoes which lost the competitive power due to the wage increase. Particularly, Pusan economy having played the role of locomotive for Korean economy in the past developing period has been weakened in the competitiveness and not yet activated in 1990s. In terms of this, the enterprises engaged in such typical industries of Pusan as shoes, textiles and sewing have borne much fruit from the investment in China with abundant and cheap labors. However, from a few years the enterprises in Pusan invested in China due to the cheap labors and rich resources and invested in China have suffered much troubles and failures more and more resulted from the advancement without sufficient previous knowledge and information related to the investment including investment environment. Therefore, at the time of advancement in China, Korean enterprises should make their decision related to the investment, after taking these investment environment into account previously to a full extent and making an investment strategy.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.641-662
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• 2010

Through the comparative studies on Korean and Chinese ethnobanks in the U.S., this research finds the difference in the social capital between Korean and Chinese American economy and reinterprets the social capital in overseas Chinese. In many ethnic studies, the ethnobanks in the U.S. are thought as the main drive of the economic prosperity in the ethnic communities. For the success of these ethnobanks, the relationship banking of these ethnobanks are contrasted with the arms-length banking of the mainstream U.S. banks. However there are the differences both in performance and business strategies even among different ethnobanks. Contrary to the Korean ethnic banks having much portion of business loans, Chinese ethnic banks have stressed real-estate loans in their loan portfolio. This research regards the differences of business strategies and performance of these ethnobanks as the result of the different social, cultural contexts in each ethnic community. From these finings, we can improve the understanding of the concept of social capital in overseas Chinese economy.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.5 no.8
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• pp.7-14
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• 1999

Current Korean healthcare facilities face on a difficult period as much as financial difficulty in Korean economy. Most of all the hospitals have difficulty in minus profit margin and hospital investments are also reducing rapidly. Probably, these seem to set in the period of re-organizing its structures and enhancing productivity from the rapidly growing period, which was to concentrate its resources and prefer large scaled structures. Analyzing the developing process and future trend in the U. S. health care facilities, already experienced in financial difficulty of current Korean health care facility in 70s thru. 80s, this paper is to present directions in future Korean health care policy and healthcare facility planning.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.49-59
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• 2016

The study attempts to investigate the causes of Sino-U.S. trade friction in recent years and provides countermeasures accordingly. The import and export volume of two countries, the product structure of China's export, the 337th Act lawsuits related to China, the industries involved in trade friction, and the G-L Index of Sino-U.S. Products are analyzed in detail. The causes of Sino-US trade frictions are discussed from the aspect of mercantilism and trade protectionism, interest groups and governments' trade policies, Chinese product structure, intellectual property protection in China, and performance of Chinese enterprises in litigation. Based on these, countermeasures are put forward. China needs to implement industrial upgrading, increasing the added value of products, and improving intellectual property protection. A trade friction warning system also needs to be constructed. The Chinese government needs to carry out strategic dialogue and international negotiation.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.171-194
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• 2023

Purpose - This study starts with the question of whether the capital market is likely to give positive valuations to companies that pursue diversity in their management and corporate governance structure. In this study, minority gender identity is considered as a diversity issue in management that has a socially negative perception. Design/methodology/approach - This study analyzed the relationship between corporate value in the capital market and the policies of companies that advocated minority gender identities, based on listed U.S. company data. Findings - This study finds that companies that support minority gender identities had a lower Tobin's q value than companies that did not. However, in the case of authenticity in terms of corporate governance diversity, the study finds that companies that advocate minority gender identities rather receive high firm valuation. In particular, companies with a high percentage of female directors show high corporate value even when implementing policies that support minority gender identities. Research implications or Originality - This study explores the capital market's response to diversity using past data in the U.S., but provides more practical implications for how companies should respond to a situation where an advocacy policy, based on more social recognition, for LGBT groups is established in Korea.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.1-26
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• 2010

This paper empirically examines whether Korean monetary policy is independent of U.S. monetary policy during the post-crisis period in which capital account is liberalized and floating exchange rate regime is adopted and during the pre-crisis period in which capital mobility is restricted and tightly managed exchange rate regime is adopted. Before capital account liberalization, monetary autonomy can be achieved in view of the trillema, even under tightly managed exchange rate regime, as capital mobility is restricted. On the other hand, for the period after capital account liberalization, monetary autonomy can be also achieved in view of the trillema, as exchange rate stability is given up. Securing monetary autonomy, however, may not be easy under liberalized capital account for a small open economy like Korea. Huge capital movements can generate excessive instability in foreign exchange and asset markets. Strengthened international economic linkages may also be another factor to prevent monetary policy from being independent. Using block-exogenous structural VAR model, the effects of U.S. monetary policy shocks on Korean economy are examined. Empirical results show that Korean monetary policy is not independent of U.S. monetary policy for both periods before and after capital account liberalization. For the period after capital account liberalization, Korea does not seem to have implemented floating exchange rate policy in practice, which may lead Korean monetary policy to be dependent on U.S. monetary policy. For the period after capital account liberalization, portfolio flows respond dramatically to the U.S. monetary policy, which may also keep Korean monetary policy from being independent.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.93-110
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• 1992

The most change in this century is supposed to be declination of ideology, and block of world economy. Addition to down full of cold war atmosphere around Northeast Asia, not only economic and social mood in this region is dramatically changed, but also it gave birth to the block of Northeast economy that accerlated new hub of world economy. According to dramatic change of economic surroundings the dynamic potential of growth in this region will be guided to enlarge inter-regional trade and increase volume of trade, thus suggests to grow steadily transportation. cargos in this region will have to arrange the system of delivery and inner transportation, accessary facilities, inter-regional harbors if North America and EC has connected easily. As have accerlated GATT and UR represented multilateralism and regionalism, it has regulated to increase trades of region due to relief of the trade barrier through specific areas has agreed with separately. The flow of regionalism of world economy has appeared to realize EC and NAFTA centered U.S.A, and also has presented to free trade region or one-size market agreement in Asia as APEC, EAEG in Malaysia, and etc. In defense to this block and internationalism of world economy, Pusan has to come forward to the hub of Northeast others has proposed a project to dominate the Northeast, Economy Association Agreement as Far East comprehensive development project in USSR, Hunchun development project in NK, and East Sea development project in PRC, Niigate regional development in Japan, Duman River development project in NK, and East Sea development project in Korea. As this exercise has proceed, Pusan also have arranged development strategy definitely and prepared provisions systematically. Engaging to participate center of delivery system is meant to be completed complex functions, namely the transfer storage processing & assembly function of international commodity. Pusan has ability to be terminal point of TSR. it had been connected to EC as the biggest economy block and TKR as complex transportation root to Far East, it would be the center of inground and seabase delivery terminal to Rotterdom as the biggest container pier and major piers to North-East and South East Asia. In order to provide a Role of 21 century's internationalization, Pusan has appealed to participate in management information research and development connected to Pohang-Ulsan-Changwon-Masan, and has utilized efficiently the resources such as man, material, money and information.