• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.33-54
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• 2008

The purpose of this research is to analyze and describe the characteristics of reading environment for the teens and their reading behavior in the U.S.A. Some researches and statistics on the reading behavior of young students in the U.S.A., the U.K. and Ireland were examined, and the reading environments for the teens in society and at schools and home were described. The development of school media centers since the 1950s and services for young adults in public libraries in the U.S.A. confirms that government, school, society and home should altogether cooperate in order to help students read more and build better reading environment for the teens.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.76-87
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• 2012

This study examined Korean and the U.S.A..'s television anti-smoking advertisements that were coined to discourage adults and teens smoking. A content analysis of 71 television advertisements listed in the "Smoking Guidance Program" operated by Korea Health Promotion Foundation. This study evaluated to detect whether the advertising content reflected core health communication theories such as health belief model, theory of reasoned action, and social cognitive theory used in the designing of anti-smoking ad message to change behavior and attitudes toward smoking unfavorably. The results showed that Korean anti-smoking ads mostly relied on social norm messages, followed by smoking attitude. The message of modeling and self-efficacy was least used; while, the U.S.A. ads focused more on modeling and self efficacy. This difference comes from the cultural difference. Namely, Korea focused more on collectivism rather than individualism. The anti-smoking ads of Korea and the U.S.A. most frequently adopted horror and humor rather than sadness, no appeal, and angry. The ads targeted more on adults rather than teens. The research identifies the types of advertisements that are most likely to utilized and underutilize in the Korea and U.S.A. anti-smoking ads and contribute to further understandings of anti-smoking ads theoretically.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.39-47
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• 2016

While acoustic studies in the past decade documented a raised /o/ by showing their lowered first formants (F1) almost overlapped with those of high back vowel /u/, no consensus has been made in terms of how this /o/-raising affects the vowels as a system in Seoul Korean. The current study aimed to investigate the age- and gender-related differences of the relative distance among the vowels to better understand the influence of this on-going sound change on the vowel system. We measured the static and dynamic spectral characteristics (F1 and F2) of the seven Korean monophthong vowels /e a ʌ o u ɨ i/ in the spontaneous speech of Seoul Corpus, and depicted the patterns of 30 individual speakers (10 speakers in each group of teens, 20s and 40s) as a function of age and gender. The static spectral examination showed low F1 values of /o/ in the spontaneous speech corpus confirming the vowel /o/ raising, and also revealed greater F2 values of /u, ɨ/ suggesting their anterior articulations. The tendencies were stronger when the speakers were younger and female. The spectral trajectories further showed that the F1 and F2 between /o/ and /u/ were differentiated throughout the vowel mid-point although the trajectories gradually merged near the vowel mid point in the older male speakers' productions. The acoustic evidence of contrast among /o, u, ɨ/ supports that the raised /o/ is not indicative of a merger with /u/ but rather implying a chain-like vowel shift in the Seoul Korean.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.35-41
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• 2017

The existence and the extent of vowel length difference before voiced/voiceless consonants in English and Korean are examined in three groups: (1) Korean-speaking Americans (group A), (2) immigrants who moved to the U.S. in their early teens (group I), and (3) Koreans who have been in the U.S. for less than 3 years (group K). 14 subjects were recorded reading 10 English and 10 Korean sentences. The results show that the three groups exhibit different patterns of the vowel length difference: Group A shows a very strong tendency of vowel lengthening before voiced consonants in both English and Korean, while Group I shows less degree of vowel lengthening, and Group K shows almost no tendency of vowel length difference in both languages. This strongly suggests that, (1) unlike English, Korean does not have the vowel length difference depending on the following consonants, and (2) the vowel lengthening effect observed in Korean (L2) speech in group A may be the result of transfer of the phonetic trait acquired in English (L1). It also implies that, in teaching pronunciation, some facts such as the vowel length difference cannot be expected to be acquired automatically for the learners of English, but have to be taught explicitly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.12 s.148
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• pp.1571-1581
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• 2005

In a highly competitive marketplace, U.S. retailers are challenged to attract, recruit, and retain a skilled workforce. The purpose of our research was to examine the impact of young retail employees' work experiences on their job performance, job satisfaction, and career intention using a comprehensive approach to model development. The model was developed in three phases over a four-year period using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. During Phase 1, we conducted focus group interviews to guide the development of the questionnaire. Work experience was initially operationalized as role conflict, role ambiguity, supervisory support, and work involvement. Using a student sample(n=470) from U.S. universities, we employed multiple regression to determine the significance of relationships between their work experience, job satisfaction, and retail career intention. During Phase 2, we expanded our investigation to include retail work experiences of teens employed while they were in high school. The teen sample(n=898) was drawn from students enrolled in work-study programs in 16 U.S. high schools, and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (hereafter SEM). During Phase 3, we expanded our model to include two new variables, job characteristics and job performance. Based on a national sample(n=803) of U.S. university students, we employed SEM to holistically determine if retail employees' work experience impacted their job performance, job satisfaction, and retail career intention. During each phase, job satisfaction consistently was the superior antecedent of retail career intention. Among the work experience variables, supervisory support had a positive impact on job satisfaction, while role conflict, role ambiguity, and work involvement exhibited inconsistent effects on job outcomes. The strong relationship between job satisfaction and retail career intention should make job satisfaction a priority for retailers.