• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.77-97
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• 2013

This paper focuses upon the relationship between port and port city. The purpose of this study is to theoretically review the relationship between port and its city, and to identify crucial policy directions for mutual development of port and the backward city in the case of Gwangyang Port (GP), Korea. The contents of this paper consist of five main sections: introduction; a concept of port-port city relationship; an analysis of the relationship between GP and its city; policy directions for GP city; conclusion. This study was mainly conducted by a literature review of the papers/reports and the analysis of secondary data. Significant policy strategies are associated with development of value-added logistics, expansion of additional port business, vitalization of port hinterlands, and establishment of port logistics clusters in terms of port economic function. Green port operation, improvements of coastal environment, establishment of port waterfronts, and conceptual port redevelopment master plan are included in the major port city development strategies in terms of sustainable development. Another major port city development strategies contain major port city master plan, institutional arrangements for port city development, specialized port city development policy, and formation of free trade port city in relation to integrated port-port city planning and management.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.155-166
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• 2015

This study selected container terminals of Gwangyang and Busan Ports to evaluate the influence of efficient container terminals. For the study, after data envelopment analysis (DEA) using the CCR and BCC models, the decision-making unit (DMU) system was used to define nodes; and with the use of a reference group in DEA (BCC model) and a lambda value, this study created a social network and analyzed the influences of efficient DMUs through a centrality analysis of eigenvectors. The results are presented as follows: First, as a result of the DEA, CCR efficiencies in PNC, HJNC, and HPNT container terminals of Busan Port were 1 and BCC efficiencies at Singamman Terminal, Wooam Terminal, PNC, HJNC, HPNT, and BNCT container terminals of Busan Port were 1. Second, as a result of undertaking social network analysis (SNA), according to an eigenvector centrality analysis, HJNC Terminal was referred to the most (influence score of 0.515), which indicates that it is the most influential as a container terminal. The influence of PNC Terminal was 0.512, while that of Wooam Terminal was 0.379. CJ Korea Express in Gwangyang Port was ranked fourth in influence, but its influence score of 0.256 indicates that it was the most influential of the container terminals at Gwangyang Port.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.93-108
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• 2019

Recently, air pollution from the marine ports has become a serious issue all over the world. Because marine trade accounts for 99.7% of Korea's trade, efforts are required to recognize the level of port pollution and establish environmental policies. This study estimates air pollution emitted during the berthing process in the Gwangyang and Ulsan ports. Data on ship activity and characteristics are collected and reasonable methodologies and factors from EEA and EPA are adopted. The results show that 253.09 tons of CO, 1986.61 tons of NOx, 684.01 tons of SOx, 47.88 tons of $PM_{10}$, and 44.69 tons of $PM_{2.5}$ are emitted at the Gwangyang port. Further, the Ulsan port emitted 212.28 tons of CO, 1712.54 tons of NOx, 573.72 tons of SOx, 40.16 tons of $PM_{10}$, and 37.48 tons of $PM_{2.5}$. A stage-by-stage plan for installing AMP infrastructure is suggested as part of a green port policy. This research provides the current pollution status and contributes guidelines for the direction of future policy.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.23-55
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to show the clustering trend and to choose the clustering ports for 3 Korean ports(Busan, Incheon and Gwangyang Ports) by using the self organizing maps based on neural network(SOM) and Tier models for 38 Asian ports during 11 years(2001-2011) with 4 input variables(birth length, depth, total area, and number of crane) and 1 output variable(container TEU). The main empirical results of this paper are as follows. First, clustering results by using SOM show that 3 Korean ports[Busan(26.5%), Incheon(13.05%), and Gwangyang(22.95%) each]can increase the efficiency. Second, according to Tier model, Busan(Hongkong, Sanghai, Manila, and Singapore), Incheon(Aden, Ningbo, Dabao, and Bangkog), and Gwangyang(Aden, Ningbo, Bangkog, Hipa, Dubai, and Guangzhou) should be clustered with those ports in parentheses. Third, when both SOM and Tier models are mixed, (1) efficiency improvement of Busan Port is greater than those of Incheon and Gwangyang ports. (2) Incheon port has shown the slow improvement during 2001-2007, but after 2008, improvement speed was high. (3) improvement level of Gwangyang port was high during 2001-2003, but after 2004, improvement level was constantly decreased. The policy implication of this paper is that Korean port policy planner should introduce the SOM, and Tier models with the mixed two models when clustering among the Asian ports for enhancing the efficiency of inputs and outputs.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2018

Planning strategies to achieve higher competitiveness of ports are becoming increasingly important in business environment. Therefore, strategic competitive position and efficiency analysis needs to be performed to increase ports' effectiveness and competitiveness. This matches with one of targets of new concept e-Navigation to increase the agility and efficiency of ports. The purpose of this study was to apply Boston Consulting Group matrix to analyze competitive positioning of major ports in Korea and China in term of several main cargo types and then use a combination of Data Envelopment Analysis and Principal Component Analysis model to calculate efficiencies. Results show that, at the moment, Chinese ports are still on the top with high position and efficiency score for the representative-Shanghai port. However, result also points out that except container type, Korean ports have chance to compete in other cargo types. Moreover, Gwangyang port is regarded as efficient. It has better position time. It is believed that Gwangyang port together with Busan port can compete with Chinese port in the near future.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.93-108
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• 2019

This study aims to suggest a containerization plan for non-standardized cargo; it also reveals the significance of containerization in facilitating freight inducement and cargo creation for increasing the competitiveness of the Gwangyang port container terminal and checking excessive competition among terminal operators. Therefore, this study suggested a containerization plan and its significance by dividing 14 items, ones with low containerization ratios or undergoing containerization, bulk, and liquid cargoes. In the case of general cargo, it will be necessary to raise the utilization rate by remodeling a general container or improving cargo loading techniques. In the case of bulk cargo, it will be necessary to exploit the benefits of containerization in preventing product deterioration due to rain, facilitating the sale of small orders, ensuring clean cargo handling, and reducing logistics cost, among others. In the case of liquid cargo, it will be necessary to order and sell liquid cargo in small quantities by using superior quality, safe, and durable Flexitank or Flexibag products, which offer transportation convenience and reduce time and costs.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.113-134
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the efficiency of integrated management strategy between Busan and Gwangyang ports through considering the integrated management strategy of ports in China and Japan. The reason we selected Busan and Gwangyang ports is that these two ports are a major port which is possible to be an Asia hub port by the policy of Korean government, but these two ports are concerned that they are able to lose their competitiveness by excessive competition. Therefore, we attempted to analyze the integrated management strategy of China and Japan and then we examined the effectiveness of integrated management between Busan and Gwangyang ports. For empirical study, we assumed that the co-management of these two ports will enhance the port performances. And a comparative study has been conducted with 25 Asian ports by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. We also tried to compare the efficiency between before integrated management and after integrated management of these two ports. The result of analysis indicates that the port performance of these two ports has been increased slightly in integrated management system, but the efficiency of these two ports is still lower than other competitors such as Chinese and Japanese ports. It means that there exists inefficiency in management of these two Korean ports because Korean ports are already reached into the economies of scale. Therefore, the strategies for improving of port performances are required to survive against competition.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.187-205
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• 2011

In considering the size of container logistic flow of Korea, one-port as a hub port is desirable in Busan Port, but as development of Busan Port and Gwangyang Port began as two-ports, they are good as mega hub ports. In case when ports of other regions such as Incheon Port are additionally developed, it is very likely that they become feeder ports rather than mega hub ports. As capital area uses Incheon Port and Pyeongtaek Port for transportation, fierce competition arises due to excessive facilities of terminal companies and it is not easy to be profitable. Therefore, it is more profitable to develop regional hub ports centering on near-sea routes of Korea China Japan rather than local ports such as Incheon Port and Pyeongtaek Port for intensive trade and transportation in the capital area. To mitigate excessive competition between container terminal companies, we need administrative guidance to maintain adequacy through comparing tariffs between ports of Japan and China which are in competitive relations with Korean ports. This study analysed efficiency of container terminal companies in Gwangyang Port, Busan Port and Incheon Port using data for five years from 2006 to 2010. As analytical variables, length of quay, floor area of yard, the number of cranes and employees were analytical variables and a total freight volume was a productive factor.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-128
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• 2009

This study aims to identify the influence of exchange rate and national economy on Export through container ports (Busan Port, Incheon Port, Gwangyang Port, and Pyeongtaek Port) from January 2001 to October 2007. This study carried a unit root test on the results of the analysis and failed to reject the null hypothesis that level variables have a unit root at the level of 1%. However, it carried out a unit root test on the variables by the first order difference and succeeded in rejecting the null hypothesis aforementioned at the level of 1%. As a result of the cointegration test, it was found that the model is stable. When this study carried out a variance decomposition on the prediction error of export at container various container ports, it found 89% for Busan Port, 83% for Incheon Port, 86% for Gwangyang Port, and 84% for Pyeongtaek Port. These figures indicate that such variables significantly account for export at container ports. For Busan Port, Step 2 of exchange rate showed negative (-) effect, and Step 3 shows an extreme transition into a positive (+) effect. The national economy showed an extreme change from Steps 2 to Step 7, and then a positive effect has been maintained. The Incheon Port, Gwangyang Port and Pyeongtaek Port showed similar trends to Busan Port. From Step 7, it seems that they have Shifted to more stable trends.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2012.06a
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• pp.240-241
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to propose a development strategy and an activation plan of port hinterland. To do this, we design a Delphi/Fuzzy-AHP model using Delphi and Fuzzy-AHP.