• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2020

The Fourth Sector has been attracting attention as a means to solve the various problems plaguing modern society; it emerged to overcome the Third Sector's issues such as excessive reliance on the government and service model isomorphism, represented by social economy enterprises (Meadows, 1972; Howaldt & Schwarz, 2010). Social venture companies have been mentioned as key agents of the Fourth Sector (Gyeonggi Research Institute, 2018). However, the academic and policy concepts related to social ventures continue to be vague. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the concept of social ventures as part of the Fourth Sector, and research development strategies for the vitalization of the social venture ecosystem in an effort to encourage inclusive growth of society. To achieve these goals, it establishes the concept of social ventures differentiated from the Third Sector, based on previous studies, and presents the importance of an intermediate support organization for the ecosystem's vitalization. Furthermore, to propose strategies for said vitalization, the study derives detailed forms of social venture intermediate support organizations, and provides suggestions regarding their importance and roles through social innovation levels.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.70-77
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• 2021

This paper was reclassified industries related to the 4th industrial revolution into manufacturing, information and communication services, finance and insurance services, and science and technology services by comparing the industry association table with the Korean standard industry classification. And the economic ripple effect was analyzed by exogenizing the four sectors of the industry using a demand-driven model. The wholesale and retail and product brokerage services were measured to be large in the manufacturing, information communication services, and science technology service sector according as a result of analysis of the production inducement effect, added value inducement effect, and employment inducement effect. And the financial and insurance services were analyzed to be large in the financial and insurance services sector. The import inducement effect was analyzed to be the largest in all sectors of the fourth industry. As a result of the forward and backward linkage effect, it was confirmed that the manufacturing and the information communication services sector were the intermediate primary production type sensitive to economic fluctuations. Also it was confirmed that the financial and insurance services and the science technology services sector were the final primary production type.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.91-99
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural relationship among such variables as self-efficacy, entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial intention in the public sector. In order to achieve the purpose, this study had specifically questions as follows: The first was to examine the effect of the self-efficacy on the entrepreneurial motivation in the public sector. The second was to examine the effect of the self-efficacy on the entrepreneurial intention in the public sector. The third was to examine the effect of the self-efficacy on the entrepreneurial intention according to the entrepreneurial motivation in the public sector. The fourth was to examine the effect of entrepreneurial motivation on the entrepreneurial intention in the public sector. A questionnaire was used as the research instrument. A total number of 257 employees in the public sector responded to questionnaire. In order to estimate the hypothesized structural equation model, the collected data were analyzed by AMOS 17.0, a statistical program for structural equation modeling. The major findings of this study were as follows; First, the self-efficacy was found to have a direct effect on the entrepreneurial motivation in the public sector. Second, the self-efficacy was not found to have a direct effect on the entrepreneurial intention in the public sector. Third, the indirect effect of the entrepreneurial motivation between the self-efficacy and the entrepreneurial intention proved positive in the public sector. Fourth, the entrepreneurial motivation was found to have a direct effect on the entrepreneurial intention in the public sector.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.343-361
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• 2019

The Practical Guide of Technology Valuation (the guide) by the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Energy is dominant in technology valuation in the public sector in Korea. The guide was released in 2011 and revised every three years. However, there are several guidelines or manuals for technology valuation issued by other agencies under different ministries. This paper compares the several guidelines for technology valuation and figures out the similarity and differences, from the view of the US and international standards of valuation. The first aspect found is that the guide is evolving toward the basic principles of valuation. Second, all the guidelines should comply with the guide but have sector-specific characteristics in methods, variables and data. Third, although the guide recommends only two valuation methods, some guidelines introduce various other methods. Fourth, the methods are still too complex and having unnecessary ingredients. Finally, this paper suggests further development of the guide and other guidelines.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.249-253
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• 2024

The ultimate purpose of this study is as follows: The current primary concern in the defense sector revolves around how to strategically utilize Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies in combat. The Fourth Industrial Revolution denotes a shift towards an environment where automation and connectivity are maximized, driven by technologies such as artificial intelligence. Coined by Klaus Schwab in the 2015 Davos Forum, this term highlights the significant role of machine learning and artificial intelligence. Particularly, the military application of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies is expected to be actively researched and implemented. Combat involves military actions between units, typically conducted as part of a larger war, with units striving to achieve one or more objectives. The concept of combat refers to the fundamental ideas of how units should engage with the enemy, both presently and in future scenarios, to achieve assigned objectives.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.16-19
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• 2024

One of the current focal points in the defense sector is how to strategically leverage the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in military operations. The Fourth Industrial Revolution denotes a transformational shift in the environment where automation and connectivity are maximized, primarily driven by advancements in machine learning and artificial intelligence. Coined by Klaus Schwab at the 2015 Davos Forum, this term signifies a profound change in human activities, akin to how a single machine replaced hundreds of laborers in the past. The military application of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies is increasingly researched and anticipated to be actively implemented. Combat, as a subset of warfare, entails military actions between units conducting war. Typically performed by units to achieve one or more objectives, the concept of combat involves the fundamental ideas guiding the conduct of military operations against adversaries, both presently and in the future. Hence, it is imperative for our military to develop future combat concepts by harnessing the key technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 2021

This study aims to analyze the causality relationship between sectoral stock markets (agricultural, financial, industrial, and mining sectors) and economic growth in the short and long term as well as to analyze whether it has similar types or not. The data used is quarterly time-series data (first quarter 2009 to fourth 2019). To determine the causality relationship, this study conducts a variable and multivariate causality test. The results of the varying granger causality test show that there is only a one-way relationship, where the economic growth of the agriculture sector affects its shares. A one-way relationship also occurs in stocks of the industrial sector, which has an influence on economic growth. The multivariate causality test shows that the economic growth of the agricultural sector has a two-way causality relationship, and it also exists between the industrial sector and the financial sector stock markets. The two-way causality relationship between the stock market and sectoral economic growth is a convergence towards long-term equilibrium. The findings of this study suggest that the government through the Financial Services Authority and the Indonesia Stock Exchange have to maintain stability in the stock market as a supporter of the national economy.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.85-105
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• 2016

This study compares the economic impacts among ICT sectors and derives strategic considerations for development of the ICT industry in Korea. Prior to analysis, this study classified ICT industry into four sectors: ICT equipment, components, service, and SW/system. This study conducted Input-Output Analysis on the four ICT sectors. An Input-Output Analysis is a quantitative economic technique that represents the direct and indirect interdependencies between different industries of a national economy. Features of each ICT sector were observed in the results. Within the ICT equipment sector, production is decreasing, import dependence is increasing, and employment size is very low, relative to the overall ICT industry. The component sector accounts for the over half of the output and value added of the ICT industry, but domestic production has recently declined. The subsector experienced decreasing production and increasing imports relative to the other ICT subsectors. In the service sector, output is small but its production and employment impact is very high. The fourth sector, ICT SW/system, has very low impact on production but high impact on employment. These features suggest two strategies to develop the ICT industry in Korea. First, the ICT component and service sectors should be promoted to stimulate growth of the national economy. Second, to encourage employment growth, policies should promote the ICT SW/system and service sectors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.729-737
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• 2019

The world is now going through the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Major global economies, including the United States, Germany, Japan and China, are fostering industries related to the fourth industrial revolution with policies and investments. South Korea is also setting up its fourth industrial revolution committee under the president, expanding policies and investment to foster industries related to the fourth industrial revolution, and increasing investment in research and development. Accordingly, government and private investment in industries and technologies related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution is made extensively around the world, and many related industries and technologies are being developed. In this paper, we will look into the status and problems of Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration projects that can quickly and easily introduce technologies related to the fourth industrial revolution in the private sector where many developments are taking place, and present the direction of development.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 1983

This paper presents a generalized fuel choice model in which restrictive constraints on cross-price coefficients as Baughman-Joskow-FEA Logit Model need not be imposed, but all demand elasticities are uniquely determined. The model is applied to estimating aggregate energy demand and fuel choices for the residential and commercial sector. The structural equations are estimated by a generalized least squares procedure using national-level EPB, KDI, BK, KRIS, MOER data for 1965 and 1980, and other related reports. The econometric results support the argument that “third-price” and “fourth-price” coefficients should not be constrained in estimating relative market share models. Furthermore, by using this fuel choice model, it has forecasted energy demands by fuel sources in, the residential and commercial sector until 1991. The results are turned out good estimates to compare with existing demands forecasted from other institutes.