• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 1993

This study was carried out to assess medical care expenditure of residents in urban poor area. The study population included 377 family members of 85 households in the poor area of Daemyung 8-Dong, Nam-Gu, Taegu and 442 family members of 96 households in a control area. The data was collected through self-administered questionnaires completed by housewives. The survey was conducted from March 1 to May 31, 1992. The mean age was 31.1 years in the poor area and 37.1 years in the control area. The average number of households per house was 4.5 in the poor area and 4.5 in the control area. The frequency of medical care utilization per household in a one month period was 4.6 in the poor area and 4.3 in the control area. The average number of days of utilization was 12.9 in the poor area and 12.5 in the control area. The average monthly income of a househlod in the poor area was 848,600 Won compared to the control area's 1,752,300 Won. The average monthly consumption expenditure of a household in the poor area was 568,800 Won and that in the control area 1,238,400 Won. The average medical care monthly expenditure per household was 34,500 Won in the poor area and 58,400 Won in the control area. The proportion of the medical care expenditure to monthly income and to monthly consumption expenditure was 4.1% and 6.1% respectively in the poor area, and 3.3% and 4.7%, respectively in the control area. The premium of medical insurance was 1.5% in both areas. The proportion of cost for drug was 57.4%, for medical appliance was 1.2%, and for medical treatment was 41.1% in the poor area and in the control area 52.4%, 1.9%, 45.7%, respectively. The highest proportion of medical care expenditures in the poor area was herb clinic utilization (36.9%), while hospital and clinic(37.8%) was the highest proportion in the control area. Mean medical care expenditure per visit was 7,400 Won in the poor area and 12,600 Won in the control area. Mean medical care expinditure per day was 2.800 Won in the poor area and 6,300 Won in the control area.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to analyze the preferences for urban residence. Data was collected from the people who are working in the CBD area. The results of this study are as following; 1) The 40.3% of people working in CBD area prefer living in the CBD area. It contains 5.6% of people who are working in the CBD area. It can be interpreted that there are some potential residential preference in the CBA area. 2) People who prefer living in the CBD area are shown that they have been working in the CBD area for a long time with their living status of the middle class and their ages over 50. 3) The favorable area for CBD workers is located within 10 minutes by bus or within working distance. 4) Their favorable housing types are respectively apartments, mixed, and single housing. It means that they prefer the mixed functioning type of housing to the apartment. It tells that it is necessary to develop the new types of housing.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1025-1034
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• 2010

This study was to analyze changes of landuse and environmental value of cultivate land for eight years from 1999 to 2007 year in greenbelt area, Seoul. Greenbelt area decreased from $166.82\;km^2$ in 1999 to $156.50\;km^2$ in 2007 according to removal policy. Regarding landuse status in 2007, forest field area accounted for 64.16 %, dry paddy area 4.10 %, facilitated farming area 3.82 %, rice paddy area 2.95 % out of total greenbelt area. Cultivate land occupied wide spaces with dry paddy area, facilitated farming area, tree nursery in Seocho-gu, Gangnam-gu and Gangdong-gu. Changes of landuse were serious in Seocho-gu. The trend of changes of landuse for eight years is that rice paddy area was changed dry paddy area by laying the ground and dry paddy area was changed facilitated farming area for intensive agriculture. Rice paddy area could change without permission by laying the ground in below 50 cm height and it was changed to green houses due to increase in profit and modern policy of agriculture. It is nessary to monitor landuse regularly, improve regulation for change of landuse, compensate a property loss for maintaining environmental value in greenbelt area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2006

This study is to find out formation and development process of urban area in modern ages(1870-1949) focused Yanji city in the east-northern area in china. After the discharge of confinement in the late 19 century, the settlements were formed around east area, that is, the present Yanji urban area. The japanese consular office had been moved in east area since the beginning of the early 20 century, and so, the existing residents moved to west area. And the military and administrative facilities were located on the urban outskirts. After the September 18th Incident on 1932, Yanji had been constructed with the strategic center area under the urban planning. The administrative facilities of those days had been altered to he functional branches and educational facilities, and become the basis of development of Yanji city.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.16 no.1_2
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• pp.1-5
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• 1973

Six young trees of Alnus tinctoria grown in isolation, each having different growing stage, were selected and the surface area of their roots, stems and leaves was determined. Each of the roots of more than 0.2mm in diameter and stems was cut at intervals of 10cm and their surface area was calculated with 2$\pi$rl from the average diameter (2r) of both sections (upper and lower) by making cylindrical estimation of the cut pieces. The leaf area measured was only one side area, and the volume of cut piece and amount of dry matter of each organ were also measured. The percentage to the surface area of the whole plant body by each organ was 4-12% in root, 7-9% in stem and 69-89% in leaf, respectively. There was relatively a little individual difference. However, the surface area ratios of root and stem showed a slightly increasing tendency while that of leaf decreasing according to the growing stage. The ratio of sum leaf area index (LAIi) was 2.3-4.0$m^2$/$m^2$-and that of the surface area index(SaIi) was 0.16-0.33$m^2$/$m^2$, respectively. It has been known that the stem surface area(SAI) to the leaf area index(LAI) is within the range of 31-53%, but the SAIi is within the range of 8-11% of the LAIi.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.165-175
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• 2000

The Purposes of this study are to analyze fashion trading area's conditions of Busan area to establish fashion marketing strategies for the conditions of location in choosing the new retailers and to propose the most efficient, optimum fashion trading area(FTA) under the management mind of low cost and high efficiency according to the changes of 21C management paradigm. The subjects of investigation for this study were 1083 women visited FTA in Busan. The data were analyzed by using MANOVA, ANOVA, frequency and trend analysis, and the Cronabach $\alpha$ and Turkey HSD were also applied. The results of this study were summarized as follows. 1 The characteristics of consumer spatial behavior according to fashion trading area show significant difference in starling position, movement means, movement time, visit purpose and visit frequency. 2 The buying behavior of fashion items according to fashion trading area shows difference in fashion trading area shows difference in fashion trading area, store and buying behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 1995

The aspect of visual accessibility to urban green spaces is an important factor because it contributes making pleasant environment by increasing the visual experience of nature in urban environment. But we have tried neither to consider nor to measure it. Since he concept of visual accessibility has not formally defined yet, it was operationally defined in this study. And then the model of measuring visual accessibility was suggested and verified through the case study on neighborhood parks in Seoul. The findings are as follows : 1) The concept of visual accessibility is defined as opportunity and potentiality to observe green spaces. 2) The model of measuring visual accessibility deals with not only adjacent area but also viewshed area. In adjacent area, considering factors are the area of road adjacent to green spaces and the area of exposed green spaces. In viewshed area, considering factors are the area of road located in viewshed area, the area of exposed green spaces, and the weight according to observing distance. 3) The final model of measuring visual accessibility suggested in this study is as follows.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.307-314
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• 2023

Wide-Area Differential Global Positioning System (WADGPS) is a system that operates a number of reference stations to provide correction information to improve the accuracy of GPS users, and it is available to service users within the area where the wide-area reference stations are installed. Recently, as positioning information has been used in various applications, the need for WADGPS for precise navigation in long-distance spaced areas where the wide-area reference stations cannot be installed has been raised. This paper tested the user navigation performance outside the wide-area reference stations of the WADGPS system, which serves both GPS Precise Positioning Service (PPS) and Standard Positioning Service (SPS) users. Static and dynamic tests were conducted using vehicles, and as a result, position accuracy improvement through WADGPS was confirmed even at points hundreds of kilometers outside the network area of the wide-area reference stations. Through this, the performance of the PPS/SPS correction system and the possibility of expanding the service area were confirmed.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.214-223
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• 2010

As the population of preschooler increases with the increment of employed women today, the physical environment of day-care center is becoming an important factor for the preschooler as well as home environment. In order to create a suitable and desirable day-care environment for preschoolers, the using behavior of the preschoolers, who are the main users, needs to be applied to the spacial design. In this research, play preference area of Korea and United States which have different physical environments are analyzed. Child behavior observation analysis technique, interview with the teacher in charge, floor plan and furniture arrangement plan of the day-care centers and photography were performed for this research. The subjects were 63 preschoolers of 50 months old who are using Korean and American day-care centers and play of five minutes per preschooler was filmed for 3 days. Total 01 189 motion pictures were analyzed for this research. As a result, the physical environment, programs, preference area and finally the similarity and difference according to the gender were clarified for each countries' day-care center. The Korean preschoolers preferred the block area most, the second most favorite area being art for the younger class and language for older class. According to the gender, girls preferred language area while boys chose block area. On the other hand in American preschoolers' case, due to the large variety of play area, the play preference was distributed among various area except several high preference area. Based on this research, when designing indoor play area of day care centers, the area of block, language, and art which are popular play preferences should be considered firsthand, and gender preference is also needed to be thought of. These results may be used as an important data for planning the day care center play area in the future.