• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.435-443
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• 2011

Fahr disease (FD) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by presence of abnormal and associated cell loss in certain areas of the brain, mostly in basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum and subcortical areas. Approximately two-thirds of the patients are symptomatic. The most common neurological manifestations include movement disorders, cognitive impairment, cerebellar signs and speech disorders. We report one case of estimated FD through brain computed tomography (bilateral calcifications of basal ganglia, thalamus, centrum semiovale, subcortical white matter of occipital lobes, cerebellum). At the first time of treatment, he complained of tremors in his upper limbs. We diagnosed the patient as deficiency of qi (氣) and movement of phlegm-heat-wind (痰熱風動) type according to symptoms and treated by herbs and acupuncture of oriental medicine. During treatments, we evaluated how well the oriental medical treatments were working using visual analogue scale (VAS) and amplitude of hands. After the oriental medical treatments about tremor, VAS dropped from 10 to 2 and amplitude of hands from 20 mm to 2 mm, but the ratio of brain calcifications was not changed. This study suggests that oriental medical treatments can be applicable to improve FD.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2002

Objectives: This study investigated alterations in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in patients with transient global amnesia (TGA) using statistical parametric mapping 99 (SPM99). Methods: Noninvasive rCBF measurements using 99mTc-ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) SPECT were performed on 8 patients with TGA who have ongoing symptoms and 17 age matched controls. The relative rCBF maps in patients with TGA and controls were compared. Results: In patients with TGA, significant decreased rCBF was found along the L superior temporal extending to L parietal region of the brain and L thalamus. There were areas of increased rCBF in the R temporal, R frontal region and R thalamus. Conclusion: We could demonstrate decreased perfusion in left cerebral hemisphere and increased perfusion in right cerebral hemisphere in patients with TGA using SPM99. The imbalanced change of rCBF between bilateral cerebral hemisphere in patients with TGA might suggest that imbalanced neuronal activity between the bilateral hemispheres may have strong relationship to the pathogenesis of the TGA. For quantitative SPECT analysis in TGA patients, we recommend SPM99 rather than the ROI method because of its definitive advantages.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 2016

Objective : The goal of this study was to investigate neurological mechanism of emotional regulation and to examine the relationship between the regulation and sensory processing. Subjective : Emotional regulations are mainly processed in limbic system, particularly the basal-lateral group of amygdala takes on a major role in the regulations. The basal-lateral group of amygdala links to thalamus directly and/or indirectly which processes sensory information together. This sensory information connects to orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. Inadequate sensory processing may cause difficulties in emotional regulations and behaviors because of a circuit linking the amygdala, the thalamus, and the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. These difficulties and impairments has been reported in neurological studies for children with ASD and ADHD. Conclusion : Neurological states are different between the normal children and children with ASD and ADHD and these represent various aspects in sensory processing, emotional regulations and behaviors. Thus, therapists working with children with ASD and ADHD need to understand mechanisms of sensory processing and emotional regulations in order to provide adequate treatments.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2020

Introduction: We report a rare case in which the symptoms of hypersomnia were caused by cerebral infarction that occurred in the hypothalamus and hypothalamus. Case Presentation: The patient underwent Korean medicine treatments using Gami-seonghyangjeonggi-san, acupuncture, electroacupuncture, and physical therapy for 37 days. We evaluated the degree of improvement in hypersomnolence based on the amount of sleeping time and the degree of memory impairment with the patient's suggestive conditions as observed by the patient's guardian, and one-sided facial palsy using the Yanagihara Scale. As treatment was applied, sleeping time was decreased from 22 to 9 hours a day. Memory impairment did not show clear improvements as the patient could not recognize others when they visited during the period in which the patient underwent treatment. One-sided facial palsy showed no improvements and there were no changes in the Yanagihara Scale results. Conclusion: This case showed that Korean medicine treatment could be effective to relieve some of the symptoms of thalamus and hypothalamus infarction. Further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness of Korean medicine treatment.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 2012

The aim is to investigate the analgesic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) on central neuropathic pain(CNP) in spinal cord contusive rat model. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats($250{\pm}50$ g, male) were used. Thoracic spinal cord(T10) was contused using New York University(NYU) spinal cord impactor. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups; GroupI: Non-treatment after SCI induction(n=10), GroupII: application of tDCS(0.1 mA, 20 min/time, 2 times/day, 5 days/6week) after SCI induction(n=10). Assess the effect of tDCS using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan(BBB) locomotor rating scales, Touch $test^{TM}$ sensory evaluator(TTSE), Plantar test$^{\circledR}$after contusion at the $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, $4^{th}$, $5^{th}$, $6^{th}$ week and the immunohistochemistric response of c-fos in the thalamus, cerebral cortex after contusion at the $3^{rd}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI. The scores of BBB scales were significantly different from $3^{rd}$week. TTSE were different significantly over time, but there were no differences at each evaluation times on between-measure time effects. Plantar test were different significantly over time and there were difference at the $4^{th}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI on between-measure time effects. Also, immunohistochemistric response of c-fos was reduced significantly from $3^{rd}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI in tDCS group compared with control group in thalamus and cortex. These results identified that tDCS of non-invasive therapeutic method may have beneficial analgesic effect on CNP after SCI with behavioral test and immunohistochemical test.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the FA value which can produce the best T2-weighted images by measuring the signal intensity and noise according to the FA value change in the brain image and the abdominal image of the mouse using micro-MRI. Brain imaging and abdominal imaging of BALB / C mice weighing 20g were performed using 4.7T (Bruker BioSpin MRI GmbH) micro-MRI equipment, Turbo RARE-T2 (spin echo-T2) images were scanned at TR 3500 msec and TE 36 msec. The changes of the FA values were $60^{\circ}$, $80^{\circ}$, $100^{\circ}$, $120^{\circ}$, $140^{\circ}$, $160^{\circ}$ and $180^{\circ}$. We measured signal intensity according to FA values of ventricle and thalamus in brain imaging, The signal intensity of kidney and muscle around the kidney was measured in abdominal images. To obtain SNR and CNR, we measured the background signals of two different parts, not the tissue. In the brain (thalamus) image, the signal intensity of FA $100^{\circ}$ was 7,433 and SNR (6.49) was the highest. In the abdominal (kidney) image, the signal intensity was highest at 16,523 when FA was $120^{\circ}$, and the highest SNR was 8.54 when FA was $140^{\circ}$. The CNR value of the brain image was 1.38 at FA $60^{\circ}$ and gradually increased to 8.29 at FA $180^{\circ}$. The CNR value of the muscle adjacent to the kidney gradually increased from 2.36 when the FA value was $60^{\circ}$ and the highest value was 4,57 at the FA value $180^{\circ}$.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2021

Purpose: To identify characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features to differentiate between Krabbe disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) in young children. Materials and Methods: We collected all confirmed cases of Krabbe disease and MLD between October 2004 and September 2020 at Seoul National University Children's Hospital. Patients with initial MRI available were included. Their initial MRIs were retrospectively reviewed for the following: 1) presence of white matter signal abnormality involving the periventricular and deep white matter, subcortical white matter, internal capsule, brainstem, and cerebellum; 2) presence of volume decrease and signal alteration in the corpus callosum and thalamus; 3) presence of the tigroid sign; 4) presence of optic nerve hypertrophy; and 5) presence of enhancement or diffusion restriction. Results: Eleven children with Krabbe disease and 12 children with MLD were included in this study. There was no significant difference in age or symptoms at onset. Periventricular and deep white matter signal alterations sparing the subcortical white matter were present in almost all patients of the two groups. More patients with Krabbe disease had T2 hyperintensities in the internal capsule and brainstem than patients with MLDs. In contrast, more patients with MLD had T2 hyperintensities in the splenium and genu of the corpus callosum. No patient with Krabbe disease showed T2 hyperintensity in the corpus callosal genu. A decrease in volume in the corpus callosum and thalamus was more frequently observed in patients with Krabbe disease than in those with MLD. Other MRI findings including the tigroid sign and optic nerve hypertrophy were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Signal abnormalities in the internal capsule and brainstem, decreased thalamic volume, decreased splenial volume accompanied by signal changes, and absence of signal changes in the callosal genu portion were MRI findings suggestive of Krabbe disease rather than MLD based on initial MRI. Other MRI findings such as the tigroid sign could not help differentiate between these two diseases.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1997

Attention is a phenomenon hard to define, but can be conceptualized as a mental function ranging from sustaining readiness to perceive stimuli to understanding the nature and value and selecting stimuli that are most relevant to the given situation. Manifestations of attention include vigilance, and focused, directed, selective, divided, and sustained attentions. While basic attentional tone is controlled by the interaction among reticular activating system, thalamus and prefrontal cortex, direction and selection of attention is controlled by neural circuits of prefrontal, posterior parietal, and limbic cortex. It is expected that understanding of attention and its neural control could provide answers to the relationship between pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of some major psychiatric disorders. More efforts are required to develop tools to assess more detailed and various aspects of attention in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.273-276
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• 2012

Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy is a very rare complication of the long standing use of metronidazole. The encephalopathy is bilateral and symmetric in nature. We report on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical course of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in a 60-year-old female with a persistent anaerobic brain abscess after draining of the abscess. After 3 months of metronidazole administration, the patient complained of dysarthria, tingling sense of all extremities, and left hemiparesis. MRI revealed symmetric hyperintensity lesions in medulla, pons, dentate nuclei of cerebellum, and splenium of corpus callosum, all of which represent typical findings of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. In addition, asymmetric lesions in midbrain, thalamus, putamen and cerebral subcortical white matter were noted. The patient recovered after discontinuation of metronidazole and the remaining abscess was successfully treated with meropenem and levofloxacine.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.167-172
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• 2002

Effect of single administration of Polygala tenuipolia was examined on short-term memory in step through test and the intensity of the immunoreactive c-Fos protein induced by oral administration of ethanol. The acquisition of memory was significantly reduced by ethanol, and ethanol amnesia was remarkably reversed following oral administration of Polygala tenuifolia. c-Fos protein in normal rat brain was highly expressed in order of thalamus, pariental cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdaloid and cingulate cortex. The expression of Fos protein was remarkably suppressed by single administration of ethanol. The inhibitory effect of ethanol on expression of Fos protein was reversed by single administration of Polygara tenuipolia, especially tissues of limbic areas such as amygdala, parietal cortex and CA3 of hippocampus. These results suggested that the amelioration process of Polygala tenuipolia on ethanol amnesia seems to be involve the expression of c-Fos protein in partly.