• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.459-470
• /
• 1999

9, 10일 계배의 대뇌 신경세포 분화의 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 신경세포의 미세구조 변화를 전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였으며, 또한 대뇌 단백질, 탈수소효소의 활성도 및 ATP의 변화상을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 대뇌 신경세포의 미세구조의 변화는 발생 9일 계배의 염색질은 핵질내에 비교적 고르게 분포해 있었으며 핵막은 2중막으로 아주 선명하게 구별되어 있음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 특히 조면소포체와 Golgi복합체가 잘 발달되어 있었으며, 또한 polysome이 관찰되었고 synaptic소포들이 산재되어 있었다. 10일 배양군의 계배의 신경세포는 염색질이 고루 분포해 있었으며 핵막을 뚜렷이 구분할 수 있었다. 세포질을 포함한 조면소포체와 mitochondria 그리고 Golgi 복합체가 비교적 잘 발달되어 있었다. 계배대뇌의 9일 배양군에서는 37개의 polypeptide band들이 분리되었고, 10일 배양군에서는 38개의 band가 생성되었다. 탈수소효소 활성도는 배양시간이 증가할 수록 증가하는 현상을 보였는데, LDH의 활성도는 9일 배양시 11.07이며 10일 배양시에는 12.12이였고, MDH는 각각 11.89와 13.44로 나타났다. 그리고 SDH는 9일 배양군에서는 8.45이며 10일 배양군에서는 10.52의 활성을 보여 증가했음을 알 수 있다. ATP의 변화는 10일 배양군$(2.10\times10^{-4}mol/ml)$이 9일 배양군$(2.50\times10^{-6}mol/ml)$에 비해 감소현상을 보였다.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.94-101
• /
• 2001

Background and Purpose : Relationship between 17-KS.17-OHCS in 24hrs urine and Deficiency Syndrome of the Kidneys had been examined, but the study about 17-KS.17-OHCS in stroke patients was rare6'. In this study, we aimed to investigate the usefulness of 24hrs urine 17-KS.17-OHCS in stroke patients as an index for the Differentiation of Deficiency Syndrome of the Kidneys. Subjects : 66 stroke patients(male : female =2 9 : 37) were selected, they were admitted in the hospital of oriental medicine, Kyunghee university(from November 1 st, 1998 to May 30th, 2000). Their age was over 65 years. The patients who had renal malfunction, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism were excluded and who took chlorpromazine, spironolactone, digoxin, reserpine, hormonal agent were also excluded. Methods : After we selected the patients, we investigated the Differentiation of Syndrome by use of Diagnostic Paper and examined the level of 17-KS.17-OHCS in 24hrs urine. We compared Deficiency Syndrome with non-Deficiency Syndrome of the Kidneys using of 17-KS.17-OHCS in 24hrs urine. Results : 1. Stroke did not affect 17-KS.17-OHCS excretion in 24hrs urine. 2. In 24hrs urine, 17-KS of male stroke patients and 17-OHCS of female stroke patients were lower in patients diagnosed as a Deficiency Syndrome than non-Deficiency Syndrome of the Kidneys(p<0.05). 3. Among Deficiency Syndrome of Yin, Yang, Yang and Yin of the Kidneys group, there was no differentiation of 17-KS.17-OHCS in 24hrs urine(p>0.05).

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.1021-1027
• /
• 2004

Panax ginseng has been used as a typical tonic medicine in Asian countries, such as Korea, China, and Japan. It has been reported that ginsenoside Rg1 in Panax ginseng increases the proportion of T helper cells in the whole T cells and promotes IL-2 gene expression in murine splenocytes. These studies imply that ginsenoside Rg1 increases the immune activity of CD4+ T cell, however the exact mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 on helper T cell remains to be verified. The present study tried to elucidate the direct effect of Rg1 on helper T cell s activities and its Th1/Th2 lineage development. The results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 had not mitogenic effects on the unstimulated CD4+ T cell, but augmented CD4+ T cell proliferation upon activating with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies in a dose dependent manner. Rg1 also enhanced the expression of cell surface protein CD69 on CD4+ T cell. In Th0 condition, ginsenoside Rg1 increases the expression of IL-2 mRNA, and enhances the expression of IL-4 mRNA on CD4+ T cells, suggesting Rg1 prefer to induce Th2 lineage development. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 increases IL-4 secreting CD4+ T cell under Th2 skewed condition, while decreases IFN-γ secreting cell in Th1 polarizing condition. Thus, Rg1 enhances Th2 lineage development from naive CD4+ T cell both by increasing Th2 specific cytokine secretion and by repressing Th1 specific cytokine production. Therefore, these results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 might be desirable agent for enhancing CD4+ T cell's activity, as well as the correction of Th1 dominant pathological disorders.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권7호
• /
• pp.1021-1028
• /
• 2012

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) discriminate microbial pathogens and induce T-cell responses of appropriate effector phenotype accordingly. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in part, mediate this microbial recognition and differentiation while the development of T-cell effector functions critically depends on the release of Th1- or Th2- type cytokines. In the present study, buffalo PBMCs were stimulated under in vitro culture conditions by Bacillus subtilis cell wall petidoglycan, a TLR2 ligand, in a dose- and time- dependent manner. The expression of TLR2 as well as the subsequent differential induction of the Th1 and Th2 type cytokines was measured. Stimulation was analyzed across five doses of peptidoglycan ($10{\mu}g/ml$, $20{\mu}g/ml$, $30{\mu}g/ml$, $40{\mu}g/ml$ and $50{\mu}g/ml$) for 3 h, 12 h, 24 h and 36 h incubation periods. We observed the induction of TLR2 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner and the peptidoglycan induced tolerance beyond $30{\mu}g/ml$ dose at all incubation periods. The correlation between peptidoglycan stimulation and TLR2 induction was found positive at all doses and for all incubation periods. Increased production of all the cytokines was observed at low doses for 3 h incubation, but the expression of IL-4 was relatively higher than IL-12 at the higher antigen doses, indicating tailoring towards Th2 response. At 12 h incubation, there was a pronounced decrease in IL-4 and IL-10 expression relative to IL-12 in a dose- dependent manner, indicating skewing to Th1 polarization. The expression of IL-12 was highest for all doses across all the incubation intervals at 24 h incubation, indicating Th1 polarization. The relative expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ was also higher while that of IL-4 and IL-10 showed a decrease. For 36 h incubation, at low doses, relative increase in the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 was observed which decreased at higher doses, as did the expression of all other cytokines. The exhaustion of cytokine production at 36 h indicated that PBMCs became refractory to further stimulation. It can be concluded from this study that the cytokine response to sPGN initially was of Th2 type which skews, more pronouncedly, to Th1 type with time till the cells become refractory to further stimulation.

• 셀메드
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.3.1-3.3
• /
• 2013

The receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL), a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family, has extensive functions beyond osteoclast development. RANKL is expressed in many immune cells such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, marrow stromal cells, activated T cells, synovial cells, keratinocytes, and mammary gland epithelial cells as well as in various tissues. The ligation of RANK by RANKL promotes dendritic cells (DCs) survival through prosurvival signals and the up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-$x_L$ and plays a crucial role in DCs-mediated Th1 differentiation. Therefore, RANKL plays an important role in the regulation of DCs/T cells-mediated specific immunity. This review will briefly inform our current understanding of the role of RANKL signaling in T cells-DCs communication in the immune system.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권17호
• /
• pp.7701-7705
• /
• 2015

Background: Thyroid hormones (TH) are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, which plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, development and other aspects of metabolism. It is believed that an active hypothalamic-pituitary axis increases the susceptibility of thyroid dysfunction during systemic chemotherapy. In order to investigate the relation between thyroid function and chemotherapy the present study was designed to investigate TH in breast cancer patients receiving at least three cycles of chemotherapy. The levels of TH were measured at the baseline and before each cycle of chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: Blood samples for estimation of TH levels were collected from 80 (pre-menopausal-40; post-menopausal-40) breast cancer patients just before they were undergoing - $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ cycle of chemotherapy. The serum was separated and $T_3$, $T_4$ and TSH levels were determined by chemiluminescence method. Results: $T_3$ and $T_4$ were found significantly decreased and TSH was found significantly increased after $1^{st}$ (p<0.001), $2^{nd}$ (p<0.0001) and $3^{rd}$ cycle of chemotherapy (p<0.0001). The variation of $T_3$ levels (decreased) and TSH levels (increased) was found more in post-menopausal (p<0.0001) women then in pre-menopausal women after $3^{rd}$ cycle of chemotherapy as compared to baseline (p<0.001). Conclusions: TH were remarkably altered after each cycle of chemotherapy leading to decline in thyroid function of breast cancer patients. Further, the results also indicated that post-menopausal women were more prone towards decline in thyroid function then pre-menopausal women. The present study proposes the monitoring of TH after each cycle of chemotherapy in breast cancer patients.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.599-605
• /
• 2004

Sopungchungyoung-tang (SCT) has been widely used in Korea as a treatment of atopic dermatitis. SCT consists of Talcum, Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica sinensis, Paeonia lactiflora, Cnidium officinale, Ledebouriella divaricata, Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Scutellaria baicalensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Mentha arvensis, Cordyceps cicadae. We examined the immunological effect of SCT in vitro. We studied about the effect of SCT on Th cells' differentiation. In the case of CD4 T cells under neutral condition where there was only rIL-2 stimulus, SCT inhibited IFN-γ secretion by 70-80 %. Likewise, SCT also inhibited the IL-4 secretion of neutral Th cells by 85-90 %. We also experimented with the polarized Th1 cells/ Th2 cells and their production of IFN-γ and IL-4, respectively. There also were inhibitory effects on the polarized cells like there was on neutral cells, they were not as strong on the polarized cells. Under Th1 polarized condition, SCT acted dose-dependently, while in Th2 cells, the IL-4 production was inversely proportional to the doses of SCT. From the current study, it can be concluded that SCT exerts inhibitory effects on cytokine production without interfering with immune cells' activity. The result that SCT inhibits IFN-γ and IL-4 confirms that it does have a effect on immunomodulation.

• 한국가구학회지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.101-111
• /
• 2011

The intention is to explore the differentiation or evolution of the chest of drawers in traditional Korean, Western, and Japanese furniture in order to know how the drawers currently becoming popular in Korea were developed historically. The Korean furniture centered in $Jang$, $Nong$, and $Bandazi$ used in the tradition generally, the Western furniture involved in drawers, and the Japanese furniture called $Tansu$ in Japanese called the chest of drawers were focused on the study because the Western and Japanese drawers affected the development of the chest of drawers in Korean furniture during the late 19th century and the Japanese Ruling Era, respectively. As a result, the Korean furniture was not shown the chest of drawers but only small drawers that store small items located in the upper part of $Jang$, $Nong$, and $Bandazi$ mostly used as wardrobe, while the traditional Japanese furniture developed from Edo period (1607-1868) had showed a wide variety of chest of drawers like $Isho-dansu$, $Mizuya-dansu$, $Kusuri-dansu$, $Cho-dansu$, $Funa-dansu$, $Kaidan-dansu$, $Nagamochi-dansu$, $Kuruma-dansu$, and so on, for specialized storage. And in the traditional Western furniture were presented the chest like a large-box form, mule chest, chest of drawers, cabinet, commode, highboy, tallboy, wardrobe, secretary drawer and bureau with document drawer invented and evolved throughout the 15th-18th century. Therefore, the chest of drawers in contemporary Korean furniture is supposed to adopt the Japanese and Western drawer form and to ensure the continual production from the obvious utility of the design with decoration for our current everyday lives.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.580-585
• /
• 2004

BJYGC is often clinically used as a treatment of allergic rhinitis. This study was aimed to find out the effect BJYGC would have on the helper T cell, and how it can promote the subsets of helper T cells to regain their balance that they lost due to immunological diseases. Splenocytes were prepared from BALB/c mice was cultured without stimulation in the presence of BJYGC for 48 hr. The viability of CD4 T cells from Balb/c mouse were measured at various concentrations of BJYGC using the MTS assay. It was somewhat increased up to concentration of 400 ㎍/ml, but did not show any significant difference. Proliferation was measured using the MTS assay, CD4 Th cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/28 in the presence of BJYGC for 48 hr. As evidence for rapid T cell activation, CD25 expression by flow cytometry was evaluated at 10, 50, 100 and 200 ㎍/㎖ of BJYGC. Th cell differentiation experiments were performed to examine whether BJYGC can affect the Th polarization process. CD4 T cells were activated in culture under neutral, Th1-polarized or Th2-polarized conditions in the presence of BJYGC at 10, 100 and 200 ㎍/㎖. Cytokine production was measured by ELISA. This experiment proved that BJYGC could inhibit the secretion of both IL-4 and IFN-γ in neutral condition and polarized condition, too. Considering that BJYGC shows an excellent effect on treating allergies, the author can conclude that its pharmacological action may be associated with decreased IL-4 and, it may also regulate IFN-γ depending the host's need. Also, it was discovered that Th1 cell was pathologic in chronic inflammatory tissue specific diseases, such as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, RA, and uveitis. We are counting on the BJYGC to be able to control the tendency of Th1 cell predominancy in an immune reaction.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.51-64
• /
• 1990

This experiment was performed to study the morphological changes of the goblet cells in the rabbit duodenal mucosa after common bile duct ligation. Healthy adult rabbits weighting about 2kg body weight were divided to normal and bile duct ligated groups. Common bile duct ligation was performed under ether anesthesia. Experimental animals were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th day after the operation. Mucosal specimens from the upper part of duodenum were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde, followed by 1% osmium tetroxide, embedded in araldite mixture, cut with LKB-V ultratome, stained with uranyl acetate - lead citrate, and observed with JEM 100 CX II electron microscope. Observed results were as follow : 1. In the early stages(1st-5th day) of the experiments, the goblet cells showed apocrine and merocrine secretion. But those of the late stage(7th and 14th day) groups showed exocytotic merocrine secretion. 2. In the late stage of the experiments, there found than increase of newly formed goblet cells that contain electron lucent cytoplasms. 3. In the goblet cells of normal rabbit, mucous granules with higher or lower electron densities are found together in the cytoplasm, and electron lucent mucous granules occasionally fused together. But in the early stage of the common bile duct ligation, goblet cells contained granules of higher electron densities. 4. Considering the above findings, common bile duct ligation probably initiates the hypersecretion of mucous granules of goblet cells in the early stage, and may facilitate the differentiation of goblet cells in the later stage.