• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.7
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• pp.18.1-18.12
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• 2018

Background: Xanthosine treatment has been previously reported to increase mammary stem cell population and milk production in cattle and goats. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with the increase in stem cell population and milk production remain unclear. Methods: Primiparous Beetal goats were assigned to the study. Five days post-partum, one mammary gland of each goat was infused with xanthosine (TRT) twice daily ($2{\times}$) for 3 days consecutively, and the other gland served as a control (CON). Milk samples from the TRT and CON glands were collected on the 10th day after the last xanthosine infusion and the total RNA was isolated from milk fat globules (MEGs). Total RNA in MFGs was mainly derived from the milk epithelial cells (MECs) as evidenced by expression of milk synthesis genes. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) terms using PANTHER and gene networks were generated using STRING db. Results: Preliminary analysis indicated that each individual goat responded to xanthosine treatment differently, with this trend being correlated with specific DEGs within the same animal's mammary gland. Several pathways are impacted by these DEGs, including cell communication, cell proliferation and anti-microbials. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into transcriptomic changes in milk producing epithelial cells in response to xanthosine treatment. Further characterization of DEGs identified in this study is likely to delineate the molecular mechanisms of increased milk production and stem or progenitor cell population by the xanthosine treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-4
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• 1960

Urticating spicules and poison -secreting cells of the last instar larva in Euproctis flava BREMER was studied histologically. Three kinds of cells in the epidermis of tubercles on the lst to 8th abodominal segments are classified according to the arrangement of their nuclei : smallepidermal cells, large gland cells, and elongated trichogen cells. As a result of Mallory's triple straining , the epicuticle , the papila-like structure apart form the tubules inside which are gathered at the base and connected with a middle layer cell through a canal in the cuticle, and the peripheral of the urticating spcicule are yellow. However, the inside of the spicule , the tubules within the papilla-like structure, the canal in the cuticle , nuclei in the pidermal cells and the thin exocuticle are red although the thich endocuticle is blue. Particularly , the large nuclei in the middle layer cells are bright red, the cytoplasms of which are little and stained red, too, and the inside of the spicules apt to be stained red when they are broken. The contents therefore seem to be continuous between the spicules and the large cells. Presumably , the large cell at the middle layer is not te tormogen cell which Tsutsumi (1958) has described , but the gland cell which secretes the poison-substance into spicules as Pawlowsky and Stein 91927) and Tonkes (1933) pointed out. Whether the pisonous substance is secreted from the gland cell into the cytoplasmic processes of the trichogen cells which stick large middle layer cells during the formation of the new spicule as Tsutsumi (1958) has observed, or the gland cell makes a new connection with the spicule after the spicule is formed is not clear.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.694-702
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• 2014

One of the most important devices in an underwater vessel is a propulsion system. It should be a quiet and efficient system for stealthy operations in the large mission area. Hence lead-acid battery system has been used to supply the energy to electric motor. Recent technological developments and improvements, such as polymer electrolyte membrane(PEM) fuel cell and lithium polymer battery and have created the potential to improve overall power and propulsion performance. An underwater vessel always starts their mission with a limited energy and is not easy to refuel. Therefore design of energy elements, such as fuel cell and battery, and their load distribution are important to increase the maximum operating time of underwater vessel. In this paper, the lead-acid battery/PEM fuel cell and lithium polymer battery/PEM fuel cell were suggested as propulsion system and their performances were analyzed by modeling and simulation using Matlab/Simulink. Each model concentrated on representing the characteristics of energy element depending on demand current. As a result the effect of load distribution between battery and fuel cell was evaluated and the operation time of each propulsion system was able to be estimated exactly.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to estabilish clinical guidance of microvascular anastomosis in diabetic patients. This study was performed with experimental microvascular anastomosis in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and observed histopathologic change and endohelial healing process. Materials and Methods : 70 Sprague-Dawley rats, weighting 200 to 250grams, were used for the experiment. 35 induced diabetic rats with streptozotocin and 35 control group were selected. After end-to-end carotid artery microvascular anastomosis was done, the experimental rats were sacrificed at different time interval (1st day, 3rd day, 1st week, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th week) for histologic examination. Light microscope observation was used in this study. Results : 1. Histopathologic changes are nearly the same healing process in two groups. But period of tissue reaction was faster in the control than diabetic group. 2. In endotheliall healing, control group started at 1 week after and completed at 4 weeks after, but diabetic group was observed partially at 4 weeks after and complete healing was not observed still at 8 weeks after. 3. In subintimal hyperplasia, control group was observed at 6 weeks after but diabetic group was observed at 6 weeks after and partially at 8 weeks after. 4. All groups showed severe inflammatory response in the early period. This respond is decreased at 2 weeks after in control group but still remained at 8 weeks after in the diabetic group. 5. In media, inflammatory response and degeneration were observed in early period. Regeneration of smooth muscle cell was observed at 1 week after in control group but 4 weeks after in the diabetic group. Conclusions : As the results of study, it could be thought that vascular regeneration process was not failured but delayed in the diabetes. It was considered that diabetes mellitus was not absolute contraindication of microvascular anastomosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.114-114
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• 2002

포유동물에서 뇌와 부신에서 합성.분비되는 카테콜아민(Catecholamine, CA)계 신경전달물질인 dopamine(DA), norepinephrine(NE), epinephrine(E)은 체내 각종 생리현상의 조절에 필수적이며, 생식과 관련지어서는 시상하부-뇌하수체 간 GnRH-gonadotropin 호르몬 축의 활성을 조절하는 기능 외에도 번식과 관련된 여러 행동양식을 조절함이 잘 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 CA 생합성 효소들인 tyrosine hydroxylase(TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase(DBH), phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase(PNMT)의 유전자 발현에 미치는 sex steroid의 영향을 조사하였다. 성숙한 암컷 횐쥐(SD strain)의 난소를 제거하고 1주 경과 후 vehicle(sesame oil; OVX+Oil 실험군) 또는 estradiol 17$\beta$(235ug/m1; OVX+E$_2$실험군)이 든 silastic capsule(길이 14mm; 내경 1.55mm; 외경 3.125mm)을 48 시간 동안 처리한 뒤 희생시켰다. 적출된 조직으로부터 RNA를 추출한 후 semi-quantitative RT-PCR을 시행하였다. (i) TH의 발현 정도는 OVX+Oil 군에서는 시상하부) substantia nigra(SNc)) 부신 순으로, OVX+E$_2$군에서는 SN글 부신) 시상하부 순으로 나타났다. TH 발현에 미치는 estradiol의 효과로 SNc과 부신에서는 유의한 증가를 보인데 비해 시상하부에서는 유의한 감소를 관찰하였다. (ii) DBH 발현 정도는 OVX+Oil군에서는 SNc> 부신> 시상 하부 순으로, OVX+E$_2$군에서는 부신＞ SNc＞ 시상하부 순이었다. DBH 발현에 미치는 estradiol의 효과로 SNc에서는 유의한 감소, 부신에서는 유의한 증가, 그리고 시상하부에서는 통계적 유의성은 없으나 감소하는 경향을 보였다. (iii) PNMT의 발현의 경우 SNc와 시상하부에서는 기보고된 바와 같이 alternative splicing에 의해 110bp 차이의 크고 작은 두 형태의 cDNA(PNMTI & PNMTs)가 증폭되었으나 부신에서는 작은 cDNA 만이 관찰되었다. PNMTs의 발현 정도는 OVX+Oil군과 OVX+E$_2$군에서 공히 부신＞ 시상하부＞ SNc 순이었고, PNMTI의 발현은 SNc가 시상하부 보다 다소 높은 경향이었으나 유의성은 없었다. PNMTs 발현에 미치는 estradiol의 효과로 SNc에서는 유의한 감소, 부신에서는 유의한 증가, 그리고 시상하부에서는 통계적 유의성은 없으나 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구에서는 CA 생합성 효소들의 유전자 발현의 조절에 미치는 estrogen 의 영향이 세포 기원이 neural crest cell인 부신 수질은 물론 뇌의 상이한 지역간에서도 조직특이적임을 관찰하였다. 이러한 결과는 각 조직에서의 estrogen 수용체 유형의 차이 혹은 작용 모드와 각 효소 유전자 발현 사이에 중요한 상관관계가 있음을 시사한다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.275-283
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• 1998

Aclarubicin(ACL)-entrapped freeze dried liposomes were prepared using Microfludizer to attain a sustained release at targeted organs in a prolonged time so that it can reduce th e side effect and maximize the therapeutic effect. The freeze-dried liposomes were evaluated for pharmacokinetics, antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180, cytotoxicity against L1210 and A549 tumor cells, spleen toxicity and myelosuppressive action. The $AUC_{0{\rightarrow}8hr}$ values were $122{\pm}42,\;382{\pm}140,\;419{\pm}171,\;835{\pm}206\;and\;443{\pm}309{\mu}g{\cdot}min/ml$ for free ACL. ACL-liposome formulation I, II, III and IV, respectively. Cytotoidcity of ACL-entrapped liposomes against L1210 and A549 tumor cells was 2-4 times higher than that of free aclarubicin. ACL-liposome formulation I(PC/CHOL/TA) showed the most potent antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180 in mice. The loss of body weight was much smaller with ACL-entrapped liposomes than free ACL after I.p. injection at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day. Compared to free ACL, ACL-entrapped liposomes expressed a lower and delayed spleen toxicity up to 5th day after I.v. administration. Myelosupperssion seemed to be lower with ACL-entrapped liposome of PC/PC-hydrate/CHOL/TA (formulation III) than free aclarubicin.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.281-287
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• 2001

The Artichoke extract at 10% was used to add in drinking water to understand its effect on Aflatoxicosis of chickens. The Artichoke extract at the dose of 6 ml per liter of drinking water was given (experiment group) or not (control group) and to Hybro chickens (150 birds), during the first 49 days of life. Also, the chickens were fed with foodstuff containing 200 ppb or 500 ppb Aflatoxin $B_1$. Results showed that, the chickens having Artichoke extract: (1) Had overcome the growth retardation caused by the toxin at concentration of 200 ppb and 500 ppb of Aflatoxin $B_1$ (an addittonal weight gain of about 200-400 g/bird). (2) The feed conversion was improved (a reduction of 200-400 g of feed per kg of bird living weight). (3) Aflatoxicosis lesions were mild in the chickens, which fed 500 ppb of Aflatoxin $B_1$ or not found in those having the toxin 200 ppb. The blood examinations at 28th and 49th days of the trial gave the following results: (1) The Artichoke extract had an effect of suppressing the changes of blood cell numbers, hemoglobin amount. packed cell volume. leukocyte formula that were caused by Aflatoxin $B_1$. (2) The Artichoke extract had an effect of suppressing the diminution oj sugar, protein levels and the increase of the levels of GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin in the blood of intoxicated chickens. There was not or very Jew residue of Aflatoxin $B_1$ contained in the liver and muscle of chickens intoxicated by Aflatoxin $B_1$ having Artichoke, that was much lower than the allowed level in animal products.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2009

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Li Zhong Tang(LZH-T) on atopic dermatitis by using NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse. Methods First, in vitro, we isolated B cells from NC/Nga mouse which induced atopic dermatitis-like skin for 18 weeks. We analyzed FACS by intracellular staining of $IFN-{\gamma}$, GATA-3+ and also analyzed cytokines by using real-time PCR. Secondly, in vivo, after administration of LZH-T to the 12 weeks old mouse with atopic dermatitis. We analyzed serum IgE, $IFN-{\gamma}$ level and observed the changes of activated cell. Results In vitro, LZH-T decreased the levels of CD4+/$IFN-{\gamma}$ and increased the levels of CD4+/GATA3+. In vivo, serum IgE levels were decreased and $IFN-{\gamma}$ levels were increased in LZH-T group compared to the control group. In PBMCs, the percentage of activated cell - granulocytes, CD3+, CD3+CD4+, B220+CD23+, and CCR3+ were decreased and CD19+, CD3+CD8+ were increased in LZH-T group compared to the control group. Conclusions This study demonstrates immunological activity of GPJST on atopic dermatitis-like model mice.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.296-303
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• 2011

This paper describes a game called the "robot hopscotch game" which uses mobile robots. In this game, a mobile robot moves on a board which consists of a number of square cells. This is similar to the usual hopscotch game in which a human player hops through a course on the ground. In the robot hopscotch game, each cell has a visual light communication unit. The unit sends identification signal and the robot which moves over the cell receives the signal for location recognition. In the game, a human player or a human operator competes with a robot or other human player on how accurately and fast they move to a goal location passing through the given way point cells. People played the game at the RoboWorld 2008 which was held at COEX Seoul, on 16th to 20th of October 2008. The replies to the questionnaire to the users show that users have interests on the game and expect further expansion of robot use though they are not in favor of the robot's outlook and they feel inconvenience on manipulation of the robot.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.364-369
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• 2002

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is remarkably efficient at establishing chronic infection. One of the reasons for this appears to be the suppression of the accessory cell function of professional antigen presenting cells. In the present study, the immunosuppressive activity of HCV protein was examined on dendritic cells (DCs) generated from mouse bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro. We found that the DCs forced to express HCV protein have defective allostimulatory ability. DCs expressing HCV protein were phenotypically indistinguishable from normal DCs. However, they were unable to produce IL-12 effectively when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. The functional domain of the HCV protein essential for immunosuppression was determined using a series of ${NH_2}-and$ C-terminal deletion mutants of HCV core protein. We found that amino acid residues residing between the 21 st and the 40th residues from the ${NH_2}-terminus$ of HCV core protein are required for immunosuppression. These findings suggest that HCV core protein suppresses the elicitation of protective Th1 responses by the inhibition of IL-12 production by DCs.