• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.130-138
• /
• 2002

Purpose : This study analyzed the prognostic factors affecting the survival rate and evaluated the role of radiation therapy in muscle-invading bladder cancer. Materials and Methods : Twenty eight patients with bladder cancer who completed planned definitive radiotherapy in the Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Urology, Chonnam National University Hospital between Jan. 1986 to Dec. 1998 were retrospectively analyzed. The reviews were peformed based on the patients' medical records. There were 21 males and 7 females in this study. The median of age was 72 years old ranging from 49 to 84 years. All patients were confirmed as having transitional cell carcinoma with histological grade 1 in one patient, grade 2 in 15, grade 3 in 9, and uninformed in 3. Radiation therapy was peformed using a linear accelerator with 6 or 10 MV X-rays. Radiation was delivered daily with a 1.8 or 2.0 Gy fraction size by 4 ports (anterior-posterior, both lateral, alternatively) or 3 ports (Anterior and both lateral). The median radiation dose delivered to the isocenter of the target volume was 61.24 Gy ranging from 59 to 66.6 Gy. The survival rate was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was peformed on the prognostic factors affecting the survival rate. Results : The survival rate was $76\%,\;46\%,\;33\%,\;33\%$ at 1, 2, 3, 5 years, respectively, with 19 months of median survival. The potential factors of age (less than 70 years vs above 70), sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hydronephrosis, 1-stage (T3a vs T3b), TUR, chemotherapy, total duration of radiotherapy, radiation dose (less than 60 Gy vs above 60 Gy), and the treatment response were investigated with uniand multivariate analysis. Un univariate analysis, the T-stage (p=0.078) and radiation dose (p=0.051) were marginally significant, and the treatment response (p=0.011) was a statistically significant factor on the survival rate. Multivariate analysis showed there were no significant prognostic factors affecting the survival rate. Conclusion : The treatment response and radiation dose are suggested as th은 statistically significant factors affecting the survival rate of muscle invasive bladder cancer. A Further prospective randomized study is needed to confirm these prognostic factors.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 1999

Purpose : To evaluate possible acute toxicity and early response of concurrent radiation therapy and low dose daily cisplatin as a radiosensitizer in patients with locally advanced uterine cervical carcinomas. Materials and Method : From December 1996 to January 1999, 38 previously untreated Patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix (from stage IIB to stage IIIB) were treated at Inha University Hospital. All patients underwent standard pretreatment staging Procedures after the initial evaluation by gynecologists and radiation oncologists. Sixteen Patients with huge cervical mass (>4 cm) were submitted to the group treated with concurrent radiation therapy and low dose daily cisplatin while the remainder was treated with radiation therapy alone. Radiation therapy consisted of 4500 cGy external beam irradiation to whole pelvis (midline block after 3000 cGy), 900$\~$1000 cGy boost to involved parametrium, and high dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (a total dose of 3000$\~$3500 cGy/500 cGy per fraction to point A, twice per week). In the group treated with low dose cisplatin concurrently, 10 mg of daily intravenous cisplatin was given from the 1st day of radiation therapy to the 20th day of radiation therapy. Acute toxicity was measured according to expanded common toxicity criteria of the NCI (C) Clinical Trials. Early response data were analyzed at minimum 4 weeks' follow-up after completion of the treatment protocol. Results: Hematolgic toxici쇼 was more prominent in patients treated with radiation therapy and cisplatin. Six of 16 patients (37.5$\~$) treated with radiation therapy and cisplatin and one of 22 patients (4.5$\~$) treated with radiation therapy alone experienced grade 3 leukopenia. In Fisher's exact test, there was statistically significant difference between two groups regarding leukopenia (P=0.030). There was no apparent difference in the frequency of gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity between two groups (P=0.066). Three of 16 patients (18.7$\~$) treated with radiation therapy and cisplatin and two of 22 patients (9.1$\~$) treated with radiation therapy alone experienced more than 5 kg weight loss during the treatment. There was no statistically significant difference on weight loss between two groups (P=0.63). Two patients on each group were not evaluable for the early response because of incomplete treatment. The complete response rate at four weeks' follow-up was 80$\~$(16/20) for the radiation therapy alone group and 78$\~$ (11/14) for the radiation therapy and cisplatin group. There was no statistically significant difference in early response between two treatment groups (P=0.126). Conclusion : This study led to the conclusion that the hematologic toxicity from the treatment with concurrent radiation therapy and low dose daily cisplatin seems to be more prominent than that from the treatment of radiation therapy alone. There was no grade 4 hematologic toxicity or mortality in both groups. The hematologic toxicity in both treatment groups seems to be well managable modically. Since the risk factors were not balanced between two treatment groups, the direct comparison of early response of both groups was not possible. However, preliminary results regarding early response for patients with bulky cervical tumor mass treated with radiation therapy and low dose daily cisplatin was encouraging. Longer follow-up is necessary to evaluate the survival data. A phase III study is needed to evaluate the efficacy of concurrent daily low dose cisplatin with radiation therapy in bulky cervical cancer.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.95-118
• /
• 2020

Objectives: The objective of this in vivo study is to observe the analgesic effects or improvements of Gyejibokryeong-hwan aqueous extracts (GJBRHe) on the Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) in rats as compared to those of Indomethacin (IND). Methods: The rats were administered with estradiol benzoate for 10 days and oxytocin 1 hour after the last 10th administration of estradiol benzoate to make the primary dysmenorrhea rat model. Gyejibokryeong-hwan aqueous extracts 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg were orally administrated, for 10 days once a day. Then the changes on the body weights and gains during experimental periods, uterine weights and gross inspections, abdominal writhing response for analgesic activities, uterus lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde (MDA) levels), antioxidant defense system - glutathione (GSH) contents, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA expressions, were monitored with uterus histopathology and immunohistochemistry for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The results of Gyejibokryeong-hwan aqueous extracts were compared to those of Indomethacin adminstered rats. Results: As results of estradiol benzoate and oxytocin treatment, noticeable decreases of body weights and gains, uterus GSH contents, SOD and CAT activities, increases of abdominal writhing responses, uterus lipid peroxidation (MDA level), uterus weights, NF-κB and COX-2 mRNA expressions were observed with increases of TNF-α and iNOS immunolabeled cells, inflammatory cell infiltrations, congestion and enlargement of the uterus at gross and histopathological inspections. These means classic inflammatory and oxidative stress mediated primary dysmenorrhea are relatively well induced. However, these signs were favorably and dose-dependently inhibited by administration of three different dosages of Gyejibokryeong-hwan aqueous extracts, but lesser than those of Indomethacin. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that Gyejibokryeong-hwan aqueous extracts has favorable analgesic and refinement activities dose-dependently on the estradiol benzoate and oxytocin treatment-induced primary dysmenorrhea signs.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.281-294
• /
• 1999

Vasospasm causes microvascular surgery to fail as a main factor in the loss of transferred flap dye to the diminution of blood flow in reconstruction surgery. Although there has been extensive research to resolve the vasospasm problem, no one has reached an ideal solution to date. However, cryotherapy, which is often used for destruction of tumor lesions, is being presented as a new way of releasing vasospasm. After making a histomorphometric measurement on vasodialation during the course of 1, 3 and 7 days, 2 and 4 weeks, and 5 months periods and observing the change of blood vessel in a histologic, immunohistochemical, and scanning electronic microscopic approach, the results were as follows : 1. Vascular inner diameters of the experimental 1 and 3 days groups were measured $476.3{\pm}28.20{\mu}m$, $497.15{\pm}48.79{\mu}m$ respectively showing statistically meaningful vasodilation(P<0.05), which continued by the experiment 4 weeks group. However, in the experimental 5 months group, the vascular inner diameter appeared similar to the control groups. Even though the thickness of smooth muscular layers come out to be thinner in all the experimental groups compared to the control group, it was difficult to find any statistical meaningfulness. In addition, the vascular external diameters of every experimental groups were shown to be longer than the control group. 2. In light microscopic view, severe injury was evident on the smooth muscular layer cell from the experimental 1 day group, started recovering partially from the experimental 7 days group, and was mostly restored in the experimental 4 weeks group and layer of adventitial stripping were nearly recoverd 2 weeks group. 3. The PCNA positive cells of smooth muscular layer were observed from the experimental 7 days group and had a tendency to increase by the experimental 2 weeks group. In the experimental 4 weeks and 5 months group, the number of PCNA possitive cells observed was comparable to the control group. 4. ${\alpha}$-SMA level of smooth muscular layer cells, having been significantly lower than the control group in the severly damaged experimental 1 day group. It was seen to be increased in the experimental 7 days group and turned out to show similar ${\alpha}$-SMA level in 4 weeks to the control group. 5. In the view of SEM, the endothelial cells were destructed and falling off, and also present the appearance of flattening in the experiment 1 day group. The endothelial layer cells started partially recovering from the 7 days group after the freezing injury. On 4 weeks and 5 months, the endothelial cells were fully coverd the damaged area, also it's appearance is similar to control group. In conclusion, the vascular freezing after the removal of adventitia caused damages to smooth muscular layer cells, and brought about vasodilation, which continued by the 4th week. The smooth muscular layer cells started partially reviving from the 7rd day after the damage by vascular freezing, and recovered their similar figure to the control group's 4 weeks later. This was considered the result of cells which surround the damaged blood vessel being influxed into the smooth muscular layers. Therefore, this local freezing injury on the blood vessel was thought to be applied clinically to relieve severe vasospasm which cannot be treated by vasodilation drug, a microvascular surgery.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the bactericidal activity of electrolyzed water (EW) against coliform bacteria on Undaria pinnatifida (UP). The UP was washed with 15% EW, tap water (TW), and distilled water in the following order: 15% EW for 5 and 10 min (1st to 3rd washing process), TW for 1 min, and distilled water for 10 min (3rd to 5th washing process). The washing processes using 15% EW and distilled water occurred a total of 6 times. The number of viable cells, coliform bacteria, and molds in the untreated sample were in the range of 10¹ to 10³ CFU/g. In the case of the UP with 15% EW for 5 min sample, the viable cell counts were reduced by 1-2 log cycles as compared with the untreated sample. The coliform bacteria were not detected except after the 1st EW washing process. Mold counts were not detected in all treatments. In the UP with 15% EW for 10 min sample, the viable cells, coliform bacteria, and mold counts were not detected. In color, there were no significant differences among samples. In sensory evaluation, the UP treated with 15% EW for 10 min (first washing process) got higher scores for color, aroma, and taste than others. These results suggest that the treatment of 15% EW for 10 min is the most effective way to reduce coliform bacteria of the UP.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.159-164
• /
• 2009

Purpose: The automatic notification system for alarm values on blood tests conducted by this hospital is designed to immediately inform the attending physician of the result of a blood test, to help the relevant patient to promptly receive proper treatment, and furthermore, to reduce the likelihood of a fatal influence to the patient. From 2004, the clinical pathology department of this hospital has been operating an automatic notification system for blood tests, in relation to the items of WBC, Hb, Plt, PB cell morphology, Malaria, PT, aPTT, BT, fibrinogen, Ca, K, Na, Cl, Mg, Glucose, Ketone, Digoxin, PKU, Homocystinuria, 17-OHP, Neonatal TSH, and Galactosemia. Recently, the blood test room of the nuclear medicine department has been operating an automatic notification system for the alarm values of a blood test, in relation to three items of TSH, FT4, and 17-${\alpha}$-OH-PGR, and the details of its operation will be described here. Materials and Methods: The subjects were newborn babies that were receiving TSH, FT4, and $17{\alpha}$-OH-PGR prescriptions from February $19^{th}$ to May $11^{st}$, 2009, and who met with the following criteria: N2340 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: >$10{\mu}IU/mL$ (Reference value: 0.4~5.0). N2360 Free-Thyroxine: <$0.8{\mu}g/dL$ (Reference value: 0.8~1.9), N2444 $17{\alpha}$-OH-Progesterone: >$30\;{\mu}g/mL$ (Reference value: Male (0.6~3.42), Female follicular phase (0.19~1.8). The automatic notification system was operated by entering test items, relevant treatment departments, and standard values for reporting alarm values into the OCS program, and then transmitting results that met with the input conditions to the PDAs of the prescription and the attending physician by SMS. Results: Reporting an alarm value of the nuclear medicine blood test, which can have a fatal influence on the lives of patients, will help cure patients, improve the quality of the test, and furthermore, will increase the patient's satisfaction with the prescription and treatment of the test.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.305-312
• /
• 1997

Juveniles of black seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli were fed with the diets containing 0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ppm of 3,5,3'-triiodo-1-thyronine $(T_3)$ respectively to assess the effect of this hormone on skeletal development and the change of physiological conditions for 50 days. $(T_3)$ treatment lasted for initial 40 days. Fish were fed the prescribed diet by hand to satiation in $2\~4$ times per day. After an initial 40 days period, skeletal development and abnormality were examined, and after a 50 days period, food intake, hepatosomatic index (HSI), thyroid cell height (TCH) and body proximate composition were also examined. Although toed intake was not different among 0, 10 and 20 ppm, the food intake of black seabream fed with the diets containing 50 and 100 ppm of $T_3$was significantly lower than those of 10 ppm. After the initial 40 days of $T_3$ administration, $T_3$ increased the relative growth of operculum, head, caudal fin and pectoral fin to body length, resulting in severe morphological abnormalities at the highest dose. Black seabream treated with 50 and 100 ppm of $T_3$ had abnormal shapes such as lordosis and opercular curl. The HSI parameters were reversely correlation with the dietary concentration of $T_3$. After the initial 40 days of this experiment, atrophy of thyroid gland was observed in fish administered with 50 and 100 ppm of $T_3$. On the 50th day of this experiment, atrophy of thyroid gland was observed only in the group administered with 100 ppm of $T_3$, and no difference was observed on TCH among the rest fours of experimental groups. At the end of the experiment the whore body proximate analyses indicated that there were significant effects of $T_3$ level on moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.780-787
• /
• 2006

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, which characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness, reversible airflow limitation and respiratory symptoms. Internationally, the prevalence of asthma has been increased over last 3 decades. Recently, several studies of asthma have been reported with gradually increasing importance. To tesify the hypothesis that interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 may be an important determinant of the severity of airway inflammation, their expression was studied in mouse model of asthma. BALB/c mouse, IL-4 Knockout (KO) mouse and IL-10 KO mouse were sensitized with intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin adsorbed to aluminum potassium sulfate, followed by challenges with intranasal ovalbumin on 3 consecutive days. The severity of pulmonary inflammation was assessed by eosinophilia in BAL fluid, number of total BAL cells, histopathological changes in lung tissues, and immunohistochemical staining against IL-4 and IL-10. In BAL fluid, the number of total cells was significantly increased in asthma induced mouse compare to the control. In asthma induced mouse, eosinophil was increased to 56% and neutrophil was 0.2%. In H &E stains, eosinophilic infiltration and epithelium hyperplasia were clearly noticed in asthma induced mouse. In immunohistochemical staining for IL-4 and IL-10, there was no positive reaction in control group. However, very strong reactions were appeared in asthma induced group. In this research, IL-4 and IL-10, which seem to play a central role in allergic asthma, KO mouse was utilized to test the causative relationship between airway inflammation and role of specific cytokine. Asthma induced IL-4 and IL-10 KO mice showed much decreased inflammatory reactions in the number of total BAL cells, in eosinophilic infiltration, and in immunohistochemical stains against diverse inflammatory proteins. These results suggest that IL-4 and IL-10 increase the asthmatic reactions in vivo mice model.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.52 no.9
• /
• pp.1015-1020
• /
• 2009

Purpose:The aim of this study is to explore the effect of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) that respond to antigen to Th2 immune deviation in allergic patients. Methods:Subjects consisted of 19 allergic patients and 17 healthy volunteers. Skin prick tests and nasal provocation tests were performed for the two groups. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from subjects and analyzed for the Lineage Cocktail (CD3, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD20, CD56) (-), HLA-DR (+), and CD123 (+) using flow cytometry. In addition, we analyzed TLR9 mRNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The level of $interferon-{\alpha}$ ($IFN-{\alpha}$) of the PBMCs following stimulation with the TLR9 ligand CpG-ODN 2216 was also evaluated. Results:Analyses of CD123 (+) revealed a nearly similar distribution for the classical pDC markers in the allergic group ($0.1%{\pm}0.04%$) and in the controls ($0.25%{\pm}0.23%$). The mRNA levels of TLR9 on PBMCs were not different between the allergic group and the controls ($1.29{\pm}0.41$ vs. $1.25{\pm}0.23$, respectively). Additionally, the level of $IFN-{\alpha}$ in PBMCs exposed to stimuli of the TLR9 ligand CpG-ODN 2216 was not significantly different between the two groups ($911{\pm}829$ vs. $1,095{\pm}888pg/mL$, respectively). Conclusion:We found no evidence that TLR9-dependent immune responses in human pDCs are associated with allergic status.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.193-200
• /
• 2010

This experiment was performed to evaluate the morphological responses of the duodenal epithelial cells of the mouse, inoculated with Ehrlich carcinoma cells in the inguinal area, following administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). In the experimental groups, each mouse was inoculated with $1{\times}10^7$ Ehrlich carcinoma cells subcutaneously in the inguinal area. From next day after inoculations, 0.2 mL of saline or BCG (0.5 mL/25 g B.W.: $0.03{\times}10^8\sim0.32{\times}10^8$ CFU) were injected subcutaneously to the animals every other day, respectively. The day following the 7th injection of saline or BCG, each mouse was injected with a single dose of $0.7{\mu}Ci$/g of methyl-$^3H$-thymidine (25 Ci/mmol, Amersham Lab, England) through tail vein. Seventy minutes after the thymidine injection, animals were sacrificed, and duodenal tissues were taken and fixed in 10% neutral formalin. Deparaffinized sections were coated with autoradiographic emulsion EM-1 (Amersham Lab, England) in a dark room and dried and were placed in a light-tight box. The number of labeled epithelial cells in the duodenal mucosae (mean number of labeled epithelial cells per 3.5 mm length of mucosa) were observed and calculated. On the light microscopic study, duodenal mucosae had no severe morphological changes following the injection of BCG. In the tumor control and BCG treated groups, a number of small lymphocytes and eosinophile leucocytes are slightly increased as compared with those of the normal control ones. On the autoradiographic study, number of the labeled cells of normal control, tumor control and BCG-treated mice were 632.3 (${\pm}14.47$), 761.7 (${\pm}27.65$) and 505.0 (${\pm}17.09$) respectively. From the above results, BCG may suppress the DNA synthesis of the duodenal epithelial cells, but does not results severe structural defect on the duodenal mucosae. And it is suggested that BCG may greatly improve the anticancer therapy on certain kind of cancer.