• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2002

A gregarious pupal endoparasitoid Tetrastichsus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was reared in vitro from oviposition to adult emergence on an artificial host. The host pupal case was made using 0.02 mm-thick polypropylene film, and was filled with a diet consisting of powders of Antheraea pernyi pupa, chicken yolk, infant formula, royal jelly, and Neisenheimer's salt solution. Female parasitoids reared in the artificial host produced smaller sized progeny than those reared in in vivo, but the adults reproduced fertile offsprings. Furthermore in vitro second-generation (G$_2$) females showed more improved biological characteristics, compared with their parents. The fecundity (mean no. adult progeny), oviposition period (days), and longevity (days) of G$_2$ female were evaluated as 45.7, 7.8, and 13.8, respectively Female biased sex ratio was obtained with 76.9% female progeny. The results demonstrated that Tetrastichus sp. is a promising parasitoid for in vitro mass production.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 1994

This study was carried out to clarify the primary hosts of Tetrastichus sp. and its host relationship, development and reproductive capacity. Protopulvinaria mangiferae was parasitized by Aneristus ceroplastae, Microterys flavus, Coccophagus hawaiiensis. All of these primary parasitoid were attecked by the hyperparasite Tetrastichus sp.. Tetrastichus sp. was bound to be a solitary ectoparasite. Eggs were laid on the pupa of the primary host or attached to the inner surface of the integument of the scale insect. Threshold of the development and thermal constants for completion of immature stages were $9.8^{\circ}C$ and 272 day-degrees, respectively. At $25^{\circ}C$ the life span of both sexes without any food or with water were very short as compared with that with honey. After a pre-oviposition periods of about one day they laid on overage 220 eggs each, almost all during the first half of their life. The value of the net reproduction(Ro), the mean length of a generation(T) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase(r) were calculated as 99.6, 32days and 0.142 per female per day respectively.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.369-374
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• 1999

The life history and development of Tetrastichus sp. parasitizing fallwebworm pupa in Korea were studied. The mean lifetime fecundity was 94.7 with a maximum of 125, and the portion of female progeny averaged 90.3%. A male and a female lived for an average of 19.8${\pm}$4.5 and 21.7${\pm}$4.2 days, respectively. The duration of development for each stage was as follows: egg, 2 d; the 1st instar larva, 2${\pm}$1 d; the 2nd instar larva, 2${\pm}$1 d: the 3rd instar larva, 3${\pm}$1 d; the 4th instar larva, 6${\pm}$2 d; and pupa, 8${\pm}$2 d. Total developmental duration from hatching of the larva to adult emergence required 21.1${\pm}$3.7 d, and females took 1-2 days more than males in the incubator (28$^{\circ}C$, 70% RH, and 16:8 LD).

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 2002

Life table studies were conducted in the laboratory for the eulophid gregarious pupal parasitoid, Tetrastichus sp., on Hyphantria cunea Drury at a constant temperature of 28.2$\pm$2$^{\circ}C$, 50-60% RH to evaluate their impact on the host and their potential biological control. Development of immature stage took 20.1$\pm$2.7 d: adult females lived for 23.2$\pm$2.2 (range, 16-27)d and produced a mean of 53.6$\pm$26.6 adult progeny per female, with a sex ratio of 1: 9.5 (M:F). The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r$_{m}$) was 0.178/ female/day; the net reproductive rate (R$_{o}$), 46.74; the capacity for increase (r$_{c}$) 0.177; the finite rate of increase (λ) 1.19/female/day; thus each female contributed 46.74 individuals to the population in a mean generation time of 21.6 d. Biological factors in determining the life history trait variation of the parasitoid were discussed.d.d.d.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.128-137
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• 1998

In Fukuoka, the natural enemies of Protopulvinaria mangiferae were confirmed as six primary parasitoids, three hyperparasitoids, and six predators. Among the primary parasitoids, Aneristus ceroplastae, Microterys flavus, and Coccophagus yoshidae were relatively abundant in Fukuoka. Aneristus ceroplastae and Coccophagus yoshidae were solitary endoparasitoid, whereas Microterys flavus was a gregarious endoparasitoid. Tetrastichus sp. was a hyperparasitoid and solitarily ectoparasitic to the pupae of Aneristus ceroplastae and Microterys flavus. The seasonal fluctuation of parasitisim and adult emergence of the important parasitoids was investigated in Fukuoka. Among the predatorys, Rhyzobius forestieri and Chilocorus kuwanae were relatively abundant, and seasonal fluctuation of adult emergence and consumption of the host were studied. As the first record from Japan, Rhyzobius forestieri was collected on leaves of Elaeocarpus sylvestris with heavy infestation of Protopulvinaria mangiferae.