• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 1993

Major pathogenic Gram-negative organisms such as P. aeruginosa, Serratia species, E. coli, Enterobacter species which are isolated from the specimens in large medical centers are greatly resistant to the commonly used antibiotics. Gram-negative bacilli, which had been isolated in Yeungnam University Hospital during the period from December 1992 to April 1993 and turned out to be resistant to the primary antibiotics susceptibility test for chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cephalothin, gentamicin, tetracyclin, amikin and tobramycin, were subjected to the secondary antibiotics susceptibility test for aztreonam, ceftazidime, ciprofioxacine, cefotaxime, cefamandole, piperacillin, ticarcillin and sulfamethoxazole trimethopime. Out of 315 tested organisms, 167 organisms(53%) were resistant to all secondary antibiotics in vitro. Antimicrobial activity of ceftazidime(37.1%), aztreonam(11.%), ciprofioxacine(7.9%) against Gram negative bacilli were slightly more active than other antibiotics tested, while cefamandole was not active to all the Gram-negative bacilli tested. According to the specimens, E. coli was the most frequently resistant organisms to the primary antibiotics from urine, A. baumanii, from respiratory system and wounds, and P. aeruginosa from various specimens. In summary, Gram negative bacilli resistant to the primarily applied antibiotics also were resistant to the secondary antibiotics. Rearrangement of the antibiotics disks for the antibiotic susceptibility test should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2000

There are several main antibacterial susceptibility tests, such as agar dilution method, broth dilution method and disk diffusion technique. Especially, for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, agar dilution method has been widely used. But that method is so complicated and bothering that it's difficult to treat a large amount of strains. On the other hand, modified broth dilution method(add 1% glucose and 0.018% phenol red as a pH indicator to broth) is fast and easy to perform. Most of all, it can visualize the result by color. The MICs of 22 antibiotics Including penicillins, aminoglycosides, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, ceftiofur, vancomycin and quinolones, erythromycin, colistin. sul-fadimethoxine, trimethoprim for arcanobacterium pyogenes 14 strains, actinobacillus pleuropneu-moniae 41 strains and pasteurella multocida 37 strains, which were collected from porcine during 1996 ∼ 1999, were determined by modified broth dilution method. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was highly susceptible to all kinds of quinolones such as ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin and to all aminoglycosides, like gentamicin, apramycin, kanamycin and ampicillin, cephalothin and ceftiofur. But It was quite resistant to solfadimethoxin, colistin and vancomycin. Pasteurella multocida was found to have high susceptibility to ampicillin, cephalothin, chlorampenicol and gentamicin but had mid-degree susceptibility to other aminoglycosides. In addition, it was susceptible to norfloxacin and nalidixic acid, but not to newer fluoroquinolone like ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin and it was resistant to colistin and kanamycin. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was highly susceptible to most of quinolones such as cipoofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin and gentamicin and penicillin G. But it also obtained high resistance against the early quinolone, nalidixic acid and aminoglycosides such as amikacin, apramycin and kanamycin and erythromycin, chlorampenicol, tetracyclin and vancomycin.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.92-98
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• 1996

A chitinase-producing bacterium was isolated from seashore mud around Beobseongpo in Chunnam province by selective enrichment culture, and among it, one isolate which was the best in producing of chitinase was selected. Nutrient or MacConkey medium was confirmed with secreting of prodigiosin pigment by Serratia sp. JM, and it was performed by the production of clear zone on medium containing chitin. Serratia sp. JM was almost same compared with Serratia marcescens ATCC 27117 in respect of its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics except succinic, urea and pyruvic acid. Serratia sp. JM was resistant to tetracycline but was not resistant to kanamycin and chloramphenicol. The optimal temperature and pH for the production of chitinase from Serratia sp. JM were $30^{\circ}C$ and 7.5, respectively. Production of chitinase and pH in the medium increased until the cultivation of 120 hours, but after 120 hours, they were decreased due to the acetic acid accumulated from degradation of chitin by Serratia sp. JM.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.203-218
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• 1993

This study was designed to examine the effect of tetracycline application to the planed periodontal surgery of the experimentally induced periodontal disease in dogs. Modified Widman flap surgery was done and aqueous tetracycline (1%) was applied to the root surface for 5min, after which the wound was rinsed with saline, and flaps were coronally repositioned. Root surface ntoches were used as reference points. The animals were sacrificed 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after surgery, and block sections of tooth and surround tissue were processed for conventional light and electron microscopy. The results were as follows : 1. A more coronal position of junctional epithelium was observed in the area treated with tetracycline. 2. In the most of the tetracycline - treated teeth, the new collagen fibrils of connective tissue were oriented vertical/or oblique and parallel to the root surface. The vertical or oblique fibers were inserted into the denuded dentin matrix and contacted with exposed dentin collagen fibrils. 3. In the tetracycline - treated root, new cementum apposition, most of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum, was seen with bundles of oriented collagen fibrils incoporating into the cementum. 4. In the control and tetracyclin - treated teeth, bone resorption was observed at the alveolar crest in the 1 week groups.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 1986

Authors studies on the isolation of V. vulnificus from sea water, sea mud fishes, shellfishes and algae at the seasides of Pusan, Masan, Chungmu and Ulsan in Korea in 1985. Authors carried out test for isolated strains to bacteriological test, hemolysis test about erythrocytes of various animal, sensitivity test of various chemotherapeutic agents and serological test with antiserum of V. vulnificus. The resultls obtained were as follows: 1. V. vulnificus was isolated 15 strains from 399 total specimens: 110 cases of sea water, 40 cases of sea mud, 90 cases of fishes, 60 cases of shellfishes and 79 cases of various algae, respectively. 2. Nine strains were isolalted from sea water, 4 strains were isolated from sea mud and 2 strains were isolated from fishes, respectively. 3. Two strains among 15 strains isolated were lactose positive reaction. 4. All strains isolated were grown in concentration of $0.5%{\sim}7.0%$ NaCl, but were not grown 0% and 8.0% NaCl. 5. Hemolysis reaction about various erythrocytes was sensitived to guinea pig, human and rabbit erythrocytes, but was not sensitived to sheep erythrocytes. 6. Sensitivity test using with chemotherapeutic agents of "BioLab" Microbial Sensitivity Test Discs were generally sensitived to amikacin, ampicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tetracyclin and tobramycin, and were moderate to penicillin, but were resistant to methicillin and lincomycin, respectively. 7. The distribution of serotypes of V. vulnificus isolated were on antiserum of $0.1{\sim}07$ of V. vulnificus: 1 case of 01 and 2 cases of 07, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.147-154
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• 1997

국내에서 많이 사용되고 있는 제2세대 quinolone 항생제인 norfloxacin(NFX)에 대한 약역학적인 특성을 구명하기 위하여 국내에서 분리된 동물유래 병원성 세균에 대하여 시험관내에서 실험을 수행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 즉, E coli(n=89) 대한 NFX의 $MIC_{50}$와 $MIC_{90}$는 공히 0.02g/ml이었으며, Streptococcus spp.(n=36)에 대한 NFX의 $MIC_{50}$는 2g/ml 그리고 $MIC_{90}$는 4g/ml로 나타났다. Salmonella spp.(n=56)에 대한 NFX의 $MIC_{50}$와 $MIC_{90}$ 모두 0.2g/ml로 강한 항균력을 보였으며, Streptococcus spp.(n=24)에 대한 NFX의 $MIC_{50}$는 2g/ml 그리고 $MIC_{90}$가 4g/ml로 나타났다. Bacillus spp.(n=34)는 NFX의 $MIC_{50}$와 $MIC_{90}$는 모두 0.4g/ml으로서 대부분의 병원성 세균에 대해서 $MIC_{50}$와 $MIC_{90}$치가 동일하든지 또는 매우 비슷한 수치를 보여주었다. 그러나 NFX는 혐기성세균인 Clostridium spp.(n=34)에 대해서는 항균력이 매우 낮았다. 현재 수의임상에서 항균제 병용요법이 많이 응용되고 있는 것을 고려하여 NFX와 다른 항생물질간의 분획억제농도 (FICs)를 E coli 88ac을 시험균주로 하여 실험한 결과, NFX와 colistin과 병용할 때 FIC 값이 0.38로서 상승작용을 그리고 gentamicin, trimethoprim, amikacin, penicillin 및 tylosin과의 병용시 FIC 값이 각각 0.52, 0.56, 0.63, 1.00 및 1.02로서 상가작용을 보여주었으며, tetracyclin과의 병용시의 FIC값은 1.49로서 길항작용을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 한편 실제 항균제의 임상적용시 매우 주요한 요소인 항균활성후 저농도유효성(PAE)을 알아보기 위하여 E coli AB1157을 시험균주로 측정한 결과 PAE은 0.90~1.02 시간 그리고 S aureus R-209에 대해서는 PAE가 1.58~1.99 시간으로서 그람음성균 및 그람양성균 모두에 대해서 긴 PAE를 갖고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2008

This study carried out to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from reproductive and respiratory tract in Thoroughbred horse. The specimens were collected from equine vaginal mucosa and upper respiratory tract from March to December 2006 using a culture swab in Korea. S. aureus suspected colonies on blood agar plates were selected and identified as standard biochemical tests and PCR (Applied Biosystems, USA). Antimicrobial resistance test of S. aureus isolates was performed with 30 antimicrobial agents (BBL, USA) by using the agar disk diffusion method. S. aureus isolates were isolated 58 (39.2%) strains of 148 samples: wound 64.7% (11/17), genital discharge 37.0% (37/100) and nasal discharge 32.2% (10/31). Almost isolates showed high resistance to spectinomycin, sulfonamides, erythromycin, tetracyelin, ciprofloxacin and penicillin. These results may provide the basic information to establish strategies for treatment and prevention of reproductive and respiratory disease in Thoroughbred horses in Korea.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.191-199
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• 1994

Protoplasts of both strains were produced by lysozyme digestion at $30^{\circ}C$ for 180min. Both strains were treated with $40{\mu}g$/ml of lysozyme in 30mM Tris-HCl buffer(pH 7.5) containing 10% sucrose at the late logarithmic growth phase. It was found that the efficiency of protoplast formation was high at $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.5 by measuring the decrease in absorbance. Optimum concentrations of sucrose $Ca^{2+}, \;Mg^{2+}$ for protoplast formation were determined to be 15%, 20mM and 6mM, respectively. Hydrolysis of cell wall and protoplast formation efficiency for L. plantarum showed better results than those for Leu. mesenteroides. The resistances to antibiotics erythromycin and chloramphenicols were chosen as the selection marker for the fusant between L. plantarum and Leu. mesenteroides. Production phase of protoplast in Leu. mesenteroides was also compared with L. plantarum in this paper.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 1987

Three strains of bacteria utilizing salicylate, KU801(pKU5, pKU8), KU803(pKU6, pKU9), and KU806(pKU7, pKU10), were selected from the isolates and identified as Pseudomonas putida. By agarose gel electrophoresis, it was found that the strains had two plasmids each. All three strains were resistant to antibiotics such as ampicillin, tetracyclin, and chloramphenicol, and did not utilize other aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons examined except salicylate. The plasmids (pKU5, pKU6, and pKU7) of larger molecular weight were cured by treatment with mitomycin C and frequencies of curing were 0.4%, 1.67%, and 0.75%, respectively. Cured strains did not degrade salicylate and still had antibiotic resistances, which were identical with wild strains. The genes for salicylate degradation were proved to be enclded on thier plasmids. The molecular weights of pKU5 and pKU6 were estimated as 103.5Md, and that of pKU 7 as 101 Md. The new SAL plasmids, pKU5, pKU6, and pKU7 were transferred to P. putida and P. aeruginosa, but not to E. coli.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1970

In previous paper, it was reported that antibiotic substance such as tetracycline and streptomycin were produced by S'. albus subsp. and S'. globosus. And increase of mycelial growth of two strains, antibiotic production, and changes of pH range are extended to approximately 110-130 hrs in fermenting medium, there-after they decreased with culture period exception of pH range. Two Streptomyces spp. required commonly 4-5% starch as carbon sources and 1.5-2.0% soybean meal as nitrogen sources. However, 0.005-0.01M potassium phosphate dibasic, calcium carbonate (6mg/ml in S.albus subsp. and 2mg/ml in S. globosus), 0.01-0.03M, magnesium sulgate and 0.01M ferric chloride showed as optimal concentration for the growth of 2 strains. Mineral compoments such as zinc, manganese, cobalt, sodium and copper at the level of 10$^{-4}$ -10$^{-6}$ M were observed. Especially, zinc ion showed toxicity to the growth of 2 strains at 0.005M. In relation with pH, there is a little difference in mycelial growth with cultural initial pH.