• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.25-33
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• 2013

Objectives : To assess the test-retest reliability and the intratest repeatability in measuring the cervical range of motion of healthy subjects with wireless microelectromechanical system inertial measurement unit(MEMS-IMU) system and to discuss the feasibility of this system in the clinical setting to evaluate the cervical spine musculoskeletal. Methods : 12 healthy people who were evaluated as no- or mild-disability with neck disability index were participated. Their cervical motion were measured with IMU twice in consecutive two days for the test-retest reliability study. Intratest repeatability was calculated in the two tests separately. The calculated intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC) were discussed and compared with the those of the previous studies. Results : Cervical range of motion data were acquired and statistically processed: left rotation($61.64^{\circ}$), right rotation($65.12^{\circ}$), extension($61.98^{\circ}$), flexion($52.81^{\circ}$), left bending($39.31^{\circ}$), right bending($41.08^{\circ}$). ICCs were 0.77~0.98(intratest repeatability) and 0.74~0.93 (test-retest reliability) in the primary motion. In the coupling motion, intratest repeatability ICCs were 0.93~ 0.99(transverse primary plane), 0.88~0.97(saggital primay plane), and 0.77~0.93(coronal primary plane). Test-retest reliability of coupling motion were 0.90~0.97(transverse primary plane), 0.00~0.72(saggital primary plane), and 0.04~0.76(coronal primary plane). Conclusions : Several types of range-of-motion devices are now on use in many fields including medicine, but the practicality of the devices in clinical use is questionable for the convenient and economical aspects. In this study, we presented the reliability of cervical range of motion test with the developed wireless MEMS-IMU system and discussed its potential utility in clinical use.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.32-43
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• 2021

Objective : This study aimed to verify the construct validity of the Korean version of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-2 (K-PDMS-2) and its test-retest reliability for children with cerebral palsy (CP) and typical children. Method : To ascertain the construct validity, the K-PDMS-2 evaluation was conducted on 42 children with cerebral palsy and 42 typical children of similar age and gender. Construct validity was proved through comparison with standard scores. Ten of the children with CP were re-evaluated after two weeks to determine test-retest reliability. Results : There was a statistically significant difference in gross motor and fine motor development according to five subtests between the group of children with CP and the typical group (p = .000). For test-retest reliability, the correlation coefficient of the total frequency score was .989, representing very high temporal stability. Conclusion : This study confirmed that K-PDMS-2 is an evaluation tool of high reliability and validity, and a potentially useful future measure for domestic clinical sites and research.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.323-338
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• 2008

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the reliability of the Korean language version of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders(RDC/TMD) axis II questionnaire among TMD patients. Methods: The Korean version of the RDC/TMD questionnaire was distributed to 154 TMD patients(31 men, 123 women) who visited Seoul National University Dental Hospital. The test-retest reliability was also assessed among the same subjects with a one- or two-week time interval. The subjects did not receive any form of therapy until the retest administration was completed. Results: The internal consistency reliability of pain intensity, disability score, jaw disability, and psychosocial status were 0.92, 0.94, 0.68, and 0.94, respectively using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the 1st test. Test-retest reliability coefficients of each items of the questionnaire ranged from 0.40 to 0.94 assessed with kappa value, and the intra-class correlation coefficient(ICC) for each subscale ranged from 0.81 to 0.93. Test-retest reliability coefficient of the graded chronic pain(GCP) scale was 0.63. Conclusions: The Korean language version of RDC/TMD axis II questionnaire demonstrated good reliability. It can be used as a valuable instrument for the analyses of the psychosocial aspects of the TMD patients in Korea.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to estimate the test-retest reliability and the intratest repeatability in measuring the lumbar range of motion of healthy volunteers with wireless microelectromechanical system inertial measurement unit(MEMS-IMU) system and to discuss the feasibility of this system in the clinical setting to evaluate the lumbar spine movement. Methods : 19 healthy male volunteers were participated, who got under 21 points at oswestry disability index(ODI) were adopted. Their lumbar motion were measured with IMU twice in consecutive an hour for the test-retest reliability study. Intratest repeatability was calculated in the two tests separately. The calculated intraclass correlation coefficients(ICC) were discussed and compared with the those of the previous studies. Results : Lumbar range of motion of flexion $41.45^{\circ}$, extension $16.34^{\circ}$, right lateral bending $16.41^{\circ}$ left lateral bending $13.63^{\circ}$ right rotation $-2.47^{\circ}$, left rotation $-0.61^{\circ}$. ICCs were 0.96~1.00(intratest repeatability) and 0.61~0.92(test-retest reliability). Conclusion : This study shows that MEMS-IMU system demonstrates a high test-retest reliability and intratest repeatability by calculated intraclass correlation coefficients. The results of this study represents that wireless inertial sensor measurement system has portable and economical efficiency. By MEMS-IMU system, we can measures lumbar range of motion and analyze lumbar motion effectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2017

Purpose : To examine the relative absolute reliability and validity of step test (ST) scores in subjects with chronic stroke. Method : A total of 27 stroke patients, participated in the study. A relative reliability index (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC) was used to examine the level of agreement of inter-rater test-retest reliability for ST score. Absolute reliability indices, including the standard error of measurement(SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC), and limits of agreement by Bland and Altman analysis. The validity was demonstrated by spearman correlation of ST score with 10 m Walk Test (10mWT), Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Lower/Extremity (FMA-L/E)-total score, Berg Balance Scale (BBS)-total score. Result : An excellent inter-rater reliability in ST scores was found (paretic, ICC=0.993~0.996; nonparetic, ICC=0.982~0.991). In addition, excellent test-retest reliability was found (paretic, ICC=0.992; nonparetic, ICC=0.967). It all showed acceptable SEM of the ST score as paretic and nonparetic were 0.22 and 0.46 respectively (average score <10 %), and the MDC of the paretic and nonparetic were 0.61 and 1.27 respectively (possible highest score <20 %). indicating that measures had a small and acceptable measurement error. The ST score of paretic and nonparetic were also found to be significantly associated with 10MWT (r=0.77~0.79), FMA-LE scores (r=0.73~0.81) and BBS scores (r=0.72~0.76). Conclusion : The ST showed highly sufficient Inter-rater test-retest agreement and validity and acceptable measurement errors caused by due to chance variation in measurement. It also can be used by clinicians and researchers to assess the balance and mobility performance and monitor functional change in chronic stroke patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1294-1303
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to assess the powerlessness and to measure the powerlessness of elderly. From the result of pre-test, twenty seven items were finally selected to survey the elderly's powerlessness. The questionnaires on the elderly's powerlessness were drafted so that such tool may be evaluated in accordance with the four point Likert Scale. The number of subjects is 1,150 with ages of 60 years or more and who live in a large city, a small and middle-sized city and a rural area. The subjects of the test and retest were 85 elderlies. Collected data were analyzed by utilizing SAS program with Cronbach's $\alpha$ and Pearson's correlation, factor analysis method and known group techniques, descriptive statics, t-test and ANOVA. The results from this study were summarized below:1. When the factor analysis method was applied for validity, the tool for powerlessness of elderly was separated into 5 factors: loss of self-confidence to deal with physical, emotional, social aspects of life; expulsion by others from meaningful human relate; perception that life is meaningless and time passes quickly; falling behind young people; being rejected by other people, having no influence on others. An application of the known group technique showed a significant difference with the result of the degree of elderly's powerlessness tools developed by the two groups, with illness and without. 2. In testing reliability, it was found that coefficient of test-retest was .9435(P<.0001) when the test-retest method was used as a test of stability, and that the alpha coefficient of internal consistency was .9141 over all items within the tool of elderly's powerlessness 3. In powerlessness of elderly, total mean is 2.8493. And in factor of powerlessness, the highest factor is falling behind young people (M=3.1713), the lowest factor is loss of self- confidence to deal with physical, emotional, social aspects of life(M=2.6080). 4. The results from the test for the degree of powerlessness, according to the subject's demographic variables, showed that there were significant differences between age, sex, marital status, educational level, religion, possession of house, job, monthly pocket money, health status, illness and a place of residence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical availability of the pendulum test (through reliability and validity) using a NK table attached electrogoniometer for spasticity measurement in patients with brain lesions. METHODS: Thirty-one stroke and traumatic brain injury subjects participated in the study. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to verify the test-retest reliability of spasticity measures of the pendulum test. Pearson's product correlation coefficient was used to examine the validity of the pendulum test through the amplitude of the deep tendon reflex (DTR) test known for objective and quantitative measure of spasticity. RESULTS: In these results, the test-retest reliability was showed significantly high correlation between pendulum tests (ICCs=.95~.97, p<.01). There were significant negative correlations between the amplitude of the DTR test and all measures of spasticity of the pendulum test(r=-.77~-.85, p<.01). CONCLUSION: Thus, it is possible to use the pendulum test using a NK table as an objective measure of spasticity, rather than other expensive equipment, which is more complicated to use. Further studies are needed to explore the therapeutic effects of spasticity using a newly designed pendulum test equipment in this study.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.153-166
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• 2006

Stability of the Korean Bayley Scale of Infant Development-II was tested in 305 infants by two measurements of varying intervals over a span of 5-36 months. Stability of K-BSID-II performance was r=.62(p<.01), r=.08(p<.18), r=.69(p<.01), r=.18(p<.01) for mental scale raw scores, mental scale index scores (MDI), psycho-motor scale raw scores and psycho-motor scale index scores(PDI), respectively. Stability was higher for the shorter test-retest interval group. Correlations between raw scores among infants with retest intervals of more than 2 years were stable on both mental and psycho-motor scales. MDI showed higher stability among high-risk infants than normal infants while PDI showed higher stability among normal infants. Testers and researchers should use both raw scores and index scores for better interpretations.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.35-41
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• 2001

In-shoe measurement systems allow the clinician and researcher to examine the pressure parameters within the shoe. The purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of plantar pressures using the Parotec system over speeds and plantar regions. Seventeen healthy subjects were recruited for the study. Sampling rate was 100 Hz, and data of six variables (pressure on medial heel, lateral heel, 1st metatarsal head, 5th metatarsal head, and great toe and total impulse) were collected in four different gait speed (1.0 m/sec, 1.5 m/sec, 2.0 m/sec, and comfortable walking speed) in each day. The result indicates fair to excellent reliability between the two day test. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from .693 to .979, and range of reliability was similar depending on the speed and plantar region. In most cases, data recorded by the Parotec systems provide good evidence for the reliability.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.3-19
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• 1999

The Revised Classroom Play(RCP) scale was validated for Korean 4th grade students. 104 boys and 80 girls took the translated RCP. Test-retest reliability was established with 41 children after 2 months, and test of criterion-related validation was established by the Social Behavior Scale administered to 71 children. All raw scores were standardized by classroom and sex to adjust for differences in the number of nominators and nominatees. The structure of the RCP resulted in 3 factors, 'sociability-disruptive' and 'shy-isolated', with 28 items similar to the original RCP 3 factors. For criterion-related validity, the correlations between the 3 factors of the RCP and the 3 factors of the Social Behavior Scale were positive. For internal consistencies, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of the RCP factors ranged from .77 to .94. Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from .33 to .51. Analyses of variance revealed good item discrepancies for all 28 items. These results confirm the RCP as a valid and reliable measure of the quality of peer relations.