• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.81-96
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• 2018

In this study, physicochemical properties of the natural jadeite powder were investigated and also the wash-off pack and liquid foundation containing the jadeite powder were prepared. In addition, each of these formulations was evaluated by various functional effects, sensory evaluation, stability and skin safety. In the wash-off pack, the far-infrared ray emissivity and radiation energy values increased as a function of the jadeite powder content. At a 3% jadeite powder content, the skin temperature increased by about $0.5^{\circ}C$ when the jadeite powder-containing formulation was applied to the skin. Besides, the chroma of the liquid foundation containing the jadeite powder more clearly expressed the original color of the skin. Moisture content measurements of the wash-off pack and liquid foundation containing the jadeite powder showed the highest moisture uptake of 5.0% and 63.0%, respectively. In sensorial test, the wash-off pack formulations containing the jadeite powder demonstrated improved affinities toward a skin, adherency, and moistness and combatted itching. The liquid foundation containing jadeite powder showed also improved affinities except for the coverage when compared to control formulations. Furthermore, the stability evaluation for 8 weeks revealed neither discoloration nor separation phenomenon for the formulations containing the jadeite powder. Moreover, the pH was found to be stable up to 8 weeks and the viscosity up to 4 weeks. Skin safety assessments showed that all formulations containing the jadeite powder were non-irritating. These results suggest that the jadeite powder as an inorganic pigment may serve as a new multi-functional cosmetic ingredient with stability and safety.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.318-328
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• 1987

The results of experiment to review the optimum pasteurization condition for the raw milk produced in Korea by using UHT procedure of $100-145^{\circ}C$, the changes in chemical composition, microbiological aspects and the keeping quality of the heat treated milk are summarized as follows: 1. In UHT milk sterilized at $100-145^{\circ}C$, the pH value decreased from 6.55 to 6.33 but protein, fat, lactose and ash did not show significance changes while casein nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen increased but non-casein nitrogen and filterable nitrogen decreased. 2. Calcium content decreased gradually from 119.8 mg/100 g of raw milk to 75.75 mg/100 g at $145^{\circ}C$ as the heat treatment increased and vitamin C decreased rapidly from 1.37 mg/100 ml to 0.82 mg/ 100 ml while artificial digestibility increased from 14.07% of raw milk to 26.0% as the heat treatment increased. 3. As the heat treatment increased, microorganism counts decreased to $0.5{\times}10^2/ml$ and were not found above $135^{\circ}C$ - coliforms and psychrotrophic bacteria from $100^{\circ}C$ thermoduric bacteria, thermophiles, mould and yeast from $125-130^{\circ}C$. Heat treatment above $135^{\circ}C$ showed 100% sterilization effect. 4. The result of preservation test for heat treated milk did not show any significant changes in titratable acidity and general composition at $4^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$ up to 15 days. Viable bacteria counts, coliforms and psychrotrophic bacteria were not found but loss of vitamin and increase in viable bacteria counts appeared after 20 days.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.301-307
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• 2009

In the previous study, we evaluated and reported about the anti-oxidative activities of extract/fraction of Castanea crenata leaf. Extract/fraction of Castanea crenata leaf showed excellent free radical scavenging activity, cell protective activity and inhibitory activity on tyrosinase and elastase. In this study, in order to investigate the stability of cream containing 0.2 % Castanea crenata ethyl acetate fraction. pH, viscosity, and absorbance were measured under 4 different temperature ($4^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $37^{\circ}C$, $45^{\circ}C)$ and under the sun light at 2 weeks intervals for the 8 weeks. The variations on pH and viscosity of all experimental creams were similar to control cream. The absorbance variation of extract from experimental cream at 353 nm was in the order: under the sun > $45^{\circ}C$ > $37^{\circ}C$ > $20^{\circ}C$ > $4^{\circ}C$. It shows that ethyl acetate fraction in the cream can be oxidized under the sun. The bad smell and discoloration were not shown. Also, physical changes as creaming and cohesion were not shown. Also, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and water contents in skin were measured. The cream containing Castanea cranata leaf extract was applied to the right lower arm. After 120 min, TEWL of parts was decreased as 29.7 % (experimental cream) and 5.4 % (control cream) respectively. And the water contents in skin were increased 22.6 % (experimental cream) and 24.7 % (control cream) respectively. It was confirmed that a cream containing ethyl acetate fraction of Castanea crenata leaf shows the superior moisturizing effect. The results showed that Castanea crenata leaf extract could be used as a new active ingredient for anti-aging cosmeceuticals.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.26-34
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• 1969

Through immersing barley seeds (variety; Suwon No. 6) into different dilution of carrier-free P-32 original solution (Total activity; 90mc, To; 3/21) for 24 hours at room temperature, four groups of seeds (each group consists of 200 seeds) having activity levels of 1.6$\times$10-3$\mu$c 32P/grain, 2.3$\times$10-1$\mu$c 32P/grain 6.9$\times$100$\mu$c 32P/grain and 2.5$\times$101$\mu$c 32P/grain respectively, were obtained. To investigate the effects of various activity levels of P-32 absorbed upon the test plants, the seeds were germinated, transplant into the pots, and the growth was observed for three months after germination. After harvest, the inorganic contents in the leaves and the stems were also analyzed. The results: 1) Until four days after the beginning of germination, the rate of germination was found the lowest at the strongest activity level of 2.5$\times$101$\mu$c/grain. At the other P-32 levels treated, it showed generally higher than the control. 2) Before transplanting the seedlings of both 1.6$\times$103$\mu$c/grain and 2.3$\times$10-1uc/grain levels showed more vigorous growth than the control, whereas at the 6.9$\times$100 uc/grain level a retarded growth was conspicuous and all of plants belonging to the highest activity level of 2.5$\times$101$\mu$c/grain were withered owing apparently to the radiation damage. 3) This trend of growth promotion was continnually observed at the low activity levels even after transplanting the seeldings to the pots. As for the plants belonging to 6.9$\times$100$\mu$c/grain level, a clear sign of gradual recovery from the damage afflicted at the earlier stage was observable, and as a result the plants showed more growth than those of control two months after transplanting. 4) The number of stems diverged was found somewhat small in the blocks treated with P-32, compared with that of control until two months after germination. At the later stage of growth there seemed no significant difference among the themselves. 5) The dry weight of leaves and stems was proved that the lower the activity, the mroe it was produced. The relative increase of dry matter in each treatment compared with the control was 2% at 6.9$\times$105$\mu$c/grain level, 9% at 2.3$\times$10-1$\mu$c/grain and 35% at 1.6$\times$10-3$\mu$c/grain respectively. 6) The inorganic contents of the leaves and stems harvested were proved that: (1) Nitrogen was highest at the lowest activity level of 2.3$\times$10-1$\mu$c/grian. (2) Phosphorus showed generally higher contents in the treated blocks than in control, with the peak being at 2.3$\times$10-1$\mu$c/grain. (2) Phosphorus showed generally higher contents in the treated blocks than in contro, with the peak being at 2.3$\times$10-1$\mu$c/grain level in the leaves and at 6.9$\times$100$\mu$c/grain in the stems. (3) These was no significant difference in potassium contents in the leaves between treatment and control, whereas in the stem the treated blocks were higher than control roughly in propotion to the activity level. (4) Calcium in the lesves was richer in treated blocks than control while in the stem no difference was seen. (5) Magnesium contents both in leaves and in stems there was no difference among treatments.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 1999

The joints in the jointed concrete pavement provide a control against transverse or longitudinal cracking at slab, which may be caused by temperature or moisture variation during or after hydration. Without control of cracking, random cracks cause more serious distresses and result in structural or functional failure of pavement system. However, joints nay cause distresses due to its inherent weakness in structural integrity. Thus, the evaluation at joint is very important. and the joint-related distresses should be evaluated reasonably for economic rehabilitation. The purpose of this paper was to develop an evaluation system at joints of jointed concrete pavement using finite element analysis program, ILLI-SLAB, and nondestructive testing device. FWD. To develop an evaluation system for JCP, a sensitivity analysis was performed using ILLI-SLAB program with a selected variables which might affect fairly to on the performance of transverse joints. The most significant variables were selected from precise analysis. An evaluation charts were made for jointed concrete pavement by adopting the field FWD data. It was concluded that the variables which most significantly affect to pavement deflections are the modulus of subgrade reaction(K) and the modulus of dowel/concrete interaction(G), and limiting criteria on the performance of joints at JCP are 300pci. 500,000 lb/in. respectively. Using these variables and FWD test, a charts of load transfer ratio versus surface deflection at joints were made in order to evaluate the performance of JCP. Practically, Chungbu highway was evaluated by these evaluation charts and FWD field data for jointed concrete pavement. For Chungbu highway, only one joint showed smaller value than limiting criterion of the modulus of dowel/concrete interaction(G). The rest joints showed larger values than limiting criteria of the modulus of subgrade reaction(K) and the modulus of dowel/concrete interaction(G).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.366-369
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• 2011

In this study, the contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, E. coli, total coliform and S. aureus of seasoned dried fishes (SDF) in Korea were investigated. A total of 81 SDF samples were purchased randomly from 28 stores. Contamination range of total aerobic bacteria, total coliform and S. aureus were 150~1,700,000, 10~31,000 and 10~220 CFU/g, respectively. E. coli was detected in only one samples in the qualitative test. We have analyzed quantitatively Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE-type A, C and D) produced by S. aureus contaminated in SDF using a TECRA kit and standard curve. The curve equation was Y = 0.1499 * X + 0.1183 and maximum amount of SEs in SDF was 0.71 ng/ml. Reduction speed of S. aureus in SDF stored at $37^{\circ}C$ was the highest among the samples stored for 8 days at different temperature of 7, 18 and $37^{\circ}C$. On the basis of the results, SDF in Korea can be contaminated by a variety of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, precautionary measures are necessary for consumer protection, including the improvement of sanitary conditions in the processing plants in Korea.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.185-189
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• 2007

Animals must be inspected prior to and after slaughter to make certain they are free of diseases and unacceptable defects. Since meats are potentially hazardous foods, they should not be accept if there are any signs of contamination, temperature abuse, or spoilage. This survey was aimed to monitor the current situation of country-of-origin labels and sanitation for the meat markets in Seoul, Korea. The markets were divided into groups as to 25 territories in Seoul and the size of markets (large size, medium size, and small size). In terms of size distribution, small butcher shops occupied the highest percentage. On the itemized suitability test of unpacked and packed beer in Seoul, most butcher shops showed good evaluation. However, labels indicating the grade, storage and cooking instruction for unpacked beef were not properly posted on the products. The results of monitoring sanitation conditions for butcher shops in Seoul showed relatively low suitability. Especially, there were serious lack of knowledge about wearing the sanitation clothings, caps, and shoes. The problem with food safety is so complicated that producers, consumers, merchandisers, the press, the government and the scholar should try to solve the problems altogether. Also, it is important to educate and provide them with correct understanding and information for food hygiene and safety.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2009

Background: A forceps-biopsy is performed to acquire tissue from patients with an endobronchial carcinoma using a flexible bronchoscope. Recently, a cryo-biopsy has also been used to acquire tissue samples. Cryo-biopsy is the diagnostic application of extreme cold for the local destruction of abnormal living tissue. This technique is safe, with no radiation danger, no risk of electrical accidents, and a little risk of bleeding. This study compared a forceps-biopsy with a cryo-biopsy using a flexible bronchoscope, and examined the chemosensitivity and level of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) in the specimens obtained from the cryo-biopsy. Methods: We present a prospective study of 30 consecutive patients who underwent a forceps-biopsy between January 2007 and October 2007 with a mean age of 62.1 years and a male:female ratio of 5 : 1. A flexible bronchoscope was inserted to the area of the abnormal lesions, and a cryo-probe was then applied through the working channel of the flexible bronchoscope. A temperature of approximately -h80 was delivered to the tumor site for 8 seconds. The cryo-biopsy was performed after destroying the tumor mass. Results: The mean size of the tissue from the forceps-biopsy and cryo-biopsy were 2.0${\pm}$1.2 mm and 6.0${\pm}$3.0 mm. A chemosensitivity test was performed on 5 specimens obtained using cryo-biopsy and the level of VEGF was examined in 2 specimens obtained from a cryo-biopsy. There were no side effects in either group. Conclusion: Cryo-biopsy using a flexible bronchoscope is a safe and effective technique for acquiring tissue samples.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2013

These studies were identified the effect of four types of non-perforated breathable (NPB) packing film and three sizes on storage ability of fresh-cut for ready to eat packaging at $5^{\circ}C$ for 25 days and $10^{\circ}C$ for 15 days storage in Salicornia herbacea. The fresh weight loss was less than 2% in every films at $5^{\circ}C$ condition after 25 days storage, and the $10^{\circ}C$ also had same result on 15 days storage except 100,000 cc NPB film. Compare with storage after 15 days, storage condition at $5^{\circ}C$ had shown better result under the 1% fresh weight loss rate. The 5,000 cc and $5^{\circ}C$ condition had been shown the characteristics of MA packaging in carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations. The ethylene concentration in vacuum film was higher 10 to 100 times than in NPB film treatments during storage. But ethylene concentration was not statistically significant differences among size treatments. Every conditions had been measured the anti-oxidant activity by DPPH method after storage at $5^{\circ}C$ for 25 days and $10^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. S. herbacea at $5^{\circ}C$ had been more than twice of activity compare with that at $10^{\circ}C$. 100,000 cc NPB film had been higher contents of anti-oxidant activity at $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$. As the fresh-cut sizes, 3 cm and 5 cm sizes had changed depending on film types but 10 cm were not effected by the film types in the DPPH activity. When panel test had been tried to measure the visual quality and off-flavor after storage, $5^{\circ}C$ with a filme of 5,000 cc treatment had established higher value than other treated conditions. As these results, it's may be suggested that the $5^{\circ}C$ with 5,000 cc non-perforated breathable film for MA storage in Salicornia herbacea at fresh cut distribution system. Fresh cut size 10 cm with 100,000 cc NPB film also had the good quality for 15 dyas storage at $10^{\circ}C$, and this result can be applied for short term distribution system in Korea.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.428-439
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• 2020

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of PO film on the increase of crop yield and energy saving through PO and PE film greenhouse application and comparison test. As a experimental greenhouse, two single span greenhouses (1-1 W) and two double span greenhouses (1-2 W) were used. During winter season, PO film (0.15 mm outer layer, 0.10mm inner layer) was used as a covering material of greenhouse in double layers for double-span (B15) and single-span(B21), and PE film used for double-span (B15), and single-span (B23) as a control. The experimental vegetable was tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivated in soil and the cultivar of that was 'Happiness'. That was cultivated from December 3, 2019 to April 30, 2020. The temperature at night inside the greenhouse was maintained at 15℃, and the side and roof windows were opened to maintain 23 ~ 24℃ during the day. As a result, this study showed that the yield in single-span greenhouse(B21) covered with a PO film increased 20% and that in double-span greenhouse (B16) increased by 9% compared to the greenhouse covered with a PE film (B23, B15). Fuel consumption of the single-span greenhouse (B21) with the cover of PO film was reduced by 12.4% and that of double-span greenhouse was done by 11.5% compared to that of the PE film greenhouse (B23, B15) without any difference between them in growing state.