• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.283-295
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• 1979

A new Farmland Expansion and Development Promotion Law was enacted in 1975. This law authorizes the Government to undertake development within a declared "reclamation area", wherever the land owners are unable to do so. In order to give additional impetus to conversion of waste hilly land into productive farmland, these hilly land development projects were conducted as large scale scheme which include soil fertility improvements such as the application of lime and phosphate. Farmland Expansion and Development Promotion Corps has attempted to undertake annual farm surveys in order to obtain some information about hilly land agriculture and farming operations within the reclamation project areas since 1976. As survey data accumulates, more and more clear picture of hilly land farming come to appear and enable us to conduct in-depth study. Effects of such upland reclamation include converting of previously unproductive slopeland into cultivable farmland for lucrative and commercial farming or food production. Furthermore, idle or marginal resources such as farm labor, equipment and compost would be fully employed. Socio-economic effects would include increases in land value and attitude change of farmers. On the other hand the preservation of natural environments might be damaged to the some extend by the projects. As shown in Table 7, the average farm size increased from 3,156 pyeong($3.3m^2$) to 5,562 pyeong, a 76.2% increase. The proportion of small farms with less than I ha dropped from 59.8% to 34.4%, but that of the large farms over 2 ha rose from 13.1% to 32.0% (See Table 8). The survey results indicate that as the farming on reclaimed uplands become time-honored, the acreage devoted for food crop production decreases against the economic crop growing acreage (see Table 6). For example, in the case of uplands reclaimed in 1972, the ratio of food crop acreages decreased from 99.7% in 1972 to 62.5% in 1977, whereas that of economic crop acreages increased from 0.3% in 1972 to 37.5% in 1977. The government used to actively encourage the farmers to carry out food crop production in the reclaimed upland targting toward the realization of self-sufficiency in food grains. It is, however, apparent that the farmers did hardly take the government advises as far as their economic interest were concerned. Yield per 10a. of various crops from the reclaimed uplands by year were surveyed as seen in Table 12. On the average, barley production in the reclaimed areas achieved 83.3% of the average unit yield from the existing upland in its 5 th year. Soybean yields showed a modest increase from 64% in the first year to 95%, in the 5 th year. In contrast, economic crops such as red pepper, totacco and radish achieved their maximum target yields in 3 years from starting to cultivate on the reclaimed farms. In order to test the post economic viability, an economic analysis was performed for each of selected subprojects on the basis of the data obtained through survey. The average actual internal economic rate of return on upland reclamation investments was found to be 20.3% which exceeded other types of projects of land and water development such as tidal land reclamation, irrigation or paddy rearrangement. The actual IRRs of subcategories of upland reclamation projects varied from 17.9% to 21.4% depending upon the kinds of cropping system adopted in each reclaimed areas such as food, economic, fruit or forage crops.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 1993

A long term fertilizer trial has been conducted on a silty clayloam soil with barley as test crop since 1975. The treatments included NPK, NK, NP, and PK, and no fertilizer. This paper is to report the barley yield trend during 16 years(1975~1990) and the soil chemical properties and nutrient uptake by barley in 1990. Following is the summary of the results. 1. The average yield of barley in 16 years were in the order of NPK(100%) > PK(69%) > NP(55%) > No Fertilizer(35%) > NK(24%). Of special interst was that in 16th year the yield of barley in NK plot, namely without P, was nil. 2. In NK plot where the yield of barley was nil in 16th year, the uptake of N, P, and K by plant was lowest amomg the treatments and N, K fertilizer uptake efficiencies were nagative. 3. The soil analysis in 16th year revealed that in NK plot the pH, the available P and exchangeable Ca and Mg were very low. In 16 years average, there was positive correlation between the yield of barley and available P and exchangeable Mg in the soil. One interesting point was that in 16th year the $NO_3-N$ in the soul was relatively high, but N uptake by barley was very low.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.164-173
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• 2011

Purpose: This research aimed to analyze the patterns of co-authorship network among the Korean radiation oncologists and to identify attributing factors for the formation of networks. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,447 articles including contents of ‘Radiation Oncology' and 'Therapeutic Radiology' were searched from the KoreaMed database. The co-authorship was assorted by the author's full name, affiliation and specialties. UCINET 6.0 was used to fi gure out the author's network centrality and the cluster analysis, and KeyPlayer 1.44 program was used to get a result of key player index. Sociogram was analyzed with the Netdraw 2.090. The statistical comparison was performed by a t-test and ANOVA using SPSS 16.0 with p-value < 0.05 as the significant value. Results: The number of articles written by a radiation oncologist as the first author was 1,025 out of 1,447. The pattern of coauthorship was classified into five groups. For articles of which the first author was a radiation oncologist, the number of singleauthor articles (type-A) was 81; single-institution articles (type-B) was 687; and multiple-author articles (type-C) was 257. For the articles which radiation oncologists participated in as a co-author, the number of single-institution articles (type-D) was 280 while multiple-institution articles (type-E) were 142. There were 8,895 authors from 1,366 co-authored articles, thus the average number of authors per article was 6.51. It was 5.73 for type-B, 6.44 for type-C, 7.90 for type-D, and 7.67 for type-E (p = 0.000) in the average number of authors per article. The number of authors for articles from the hospitals published more than 100 articles was 7.23 while form others was 5.94 (p = 0.005). Its number was 5.94 and 7.16 for the articles published before and after 2001 (p = 0.000). The articles written by a radiation oncologist as the first author had 5.92 authors while others for 7.82 (p = 0.025). Its number was 5.57 and 7.71 for the Journal of the Korean Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology and others (p = 0.000), respectively. Among the analysis, a significant difference in the average number of author per article was indicated. The out-degree centrality of network among authors was 4.26% (2.03-7.09%) while in-degree centrality was 1.31% (0.53-2.84%). The three significant nodes were classified and listed as following: Choi, Eun Kyung for 1991-1995, Kim, Dae Young for 1998-2001, Park, Won and Lee, Sang Wook for 2003-2010. Choi, Eun Kyung and Kim, Dae Young appeared in two cases, and ranked as the highest degree in centrality. In the key player analysis, Choi, Eun Kyung and Lee, Sang Wook appeared in two cases, and ranked as the highest. From the cluster analysis, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul National University and Yonsei University revealed as the three large clusters when Ulsan University, Chonnam National University, and Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science as the medium clusters. Conclusion: The Korean radiation oncologist's society shows a closed network with numerous relationships among the particular clusters, and the result indicates it is different from other institutions in the pattern of co-authorship formation of the major hospitals.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.396-403
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• 2014

In this study, the antioxidant effect of water and ethanol extracts from Juniperus rigida Sieb were investigated. The activities of each of the extracts were measured based on their total phenolic and flavonoid contents and using antioxidant test such as of 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTs) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity, antioxidant protection fator (PF), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) content, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibition activity assay. The result of the examination to measure the polyphenol content by investigating the antioxidativity of the J. rigida Sieb. extract showed 71.3 mg/g polyphenol content in the water extract, and 116.0 mg/g in the ethanol extract and a 17.7 mg/g flavonoid content in the water extract and in 76.4 mg/g in the ethanol extract. The ABTS radical cation decolorization showed 76.4% and 79.3% scavenging activities of the $500{\mu}g/mL$ water extract and ethanol extract, respectively. The FRAP showed 1.83 mM efficacy in the water extract and a lower 1.77 mM in ethanol extract. Both the water extract and the ethanol extract showed reduced ACE activities of 75.39% and 71.25% at $500{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The antioxidant protection factor of the water and 70% ethanol extracts of J. rigida Sieb were 1.5 PF and 2.1 PF, respectively. In the TBARS inhibitory activity, the extracts showed 55.78% and 71.48% antioxidant activities at the $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. The results of the measurrement of the ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity indicated more than 90% of activity inhibition in the $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration of the ethanol extract. For the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, the ethanol extract showed 70% activity inhibition at the $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.298-303
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• 2007

Antithrombotic activities of water extract of cheongkookjang and cheongkookjang fermented with green tea or mugwort were evaluated on some antithrombosis related activities in vitro and thrombotic death inhibition in vivo. Cheongkookjang made of white soybean (Glycine max) or black small soybean (Rhynchosia nulubilis) showed potent antioxidative activities. Addition of green tea or mugwort during cheongkookjang fermentation increased the antioxidative activity, cheongkookjang with green tea showed more drastic increase compared with cheongkookjang with mugwort. Nitrite scavenging effects of the cheongkookjang extracts were prominent but the addition of green tea or mugwort seldom increased the scavenging effects. All the cheongkookjang extracts showed strong inhibitory activities on platelet aggregation. The inhibitory activities of cheongkookjang were increased considerably by addition of green tea or mugwort even with low concentration. Plasmin unit as fibrinolytic activity was not affected considerably by addition of green tea. Addition of mugwort decreased the activity transiently at low concentration ($0.3{\sim}1.0%$) but increased again slowly at higher concentration ($1{\sim}3%$). In vitro thrombotic death inhibition test, the antithrombotic activity of cheongkookjang made of black small bean with green tea was higher by about 1.5 times compared to that without green tea. As results, cheongkookjang might inhibit antithrombosis not only by fibrinolytic action but also by inhibition of platelet aggregation and antioxidative action. The addition of functional materials such as green tea or mugwort could increase the antithrombotic function, even at low concentration.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.451-462
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• 1975

The qualities of the grape wines brewed with the varieties of Steuben, Muscat Bailey A, Merlot, Campbell Early and Alden were compared, and studied the mashing methods of the wine with a variety of Muscat Bailey A. and then investigated the aging effects of ultrasonic wave and the baking treatments on the new wines. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Extracts of the new wines brewed with the varieties of Steuben and Alden were 2.55 and 1.88 per cent respectively and the color densities of the wines with Merlot and Alden were 3.5 and 1.05 (optical density) respectively, and the other contents were not significantly different beween varieties. On the Otherhand, the results of sensory test showed that the order of favorite was the wines brewed with Steuben, Muscat Bailey A, Merlot, Campbell Early and Alden. 2. The effect of pasteurization ($55^{\circ}C$, 20 min.) on the inhibition of the growth of undesirable microorganism was appeared almost the same degree as the case of sulfiting (100 ppm), and the pasteurized must was more dense in color but slightly turbid than the case of sulfiting. 3. Glucose syrup was in adequate as a materials for supplemental sugar, and the quality of the new wine further fermented the free-run wine added the alcohol to be a constant alcohol content was almost the same as that of control. 4. Baking at $50^{\circ}C$. for 50 days to t he new wine from 0.45 to 0.65 per cent, and color density was also thicken from 2.8 to 3.17 (O. D). 5. Baking at $40^{\circ}C$. for 50days to the new wine brewed with Muscat Bailey A, increased the ester content of the wine from 0.37 to 0.65 per cent and color density was-also thicken from 3. to 4.2 (O.D). 6. Ultrasonic wave (150 watt, 20Kc) treatment for 10 hours to the new wine brewed with Muscat Bailey A, increased the ester content of the wine from 0.37 to 0.47 per cent.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.136-144
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• 1978

A series of experiments over three years was planned for practical application of rhizobia in farms and grass lands in Korea. This is the report for the studies of the first year mainly on the isolation and characterization of rhizobial strains, and on the assessment of their nodulation abilities and nitrogen fixation capacities. 1. Total number of 88 strains for soybean group and 22 st ra ins for pea and vetch group was isolated from nodules which were taken from legumes grown in Daekwanyong, Cheju and various places in Korea. 2. Morphological and cultural characteristics of the strains were studied, and attempts were also made to investigate their antigenic properties and to demonstrate lysogenic strains in these groups. The results were : i) the isolates varied in cultural characteristics on yeast mannitol broth and agar, and in degree of congo reel absorption ; ii) similarities in their antigenic properties were found between/among the strains: G-3/G-9/D216, G-20/G-52 in soybean group; iii) no lysogeny was found in the strains of these groups. 3. Plant infection tests by test tube and bottle method in light room were carried out to elucidate the ability of the strains to nodulate specific legumes and of the capacity of such nodules to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The isolates were grouped into non- invasive, ineffective, or effective to the legumes. Those strains which produced effective nodules, supporting similar level of growth as nitrate control, were: P-3, 4 and 8 in pea and vetch group; G-23, 27, and, D-216 in soybean group.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 1989

This experiment was undertaken to clarify derivation of resistance of Japonica type of rice varieties to rice blast in Korea and to classify Japonica type of rice varieties on the basis of their rice blast reaction in the blast nuisery test. 1. The resistance of Iljin, Kwancheok 9, Koshi, Baedal and Paldal, Jaekeon, Sinpung, Jinheung, Hokwang and Palkeum, and Gwangmyungbyeo and Yeongdeogbyeo to rice blast was derived from Kyudai Taicho Asahi 3, Futaba and 2067, respectively. 2. The resistance of Kwanok, Mankyeong and Nongbaek to the rice blast was derived from Kanto 55, Hokwang and Kusabue, and Ishigarisiroge, respectively. 3. The resistance of Seomjinbyeo, Sinseonchalbyeo, Donghaebyeo and Tamjinbyeo to the rice blast was derived from Milyang 20 and the source of resistance to the rice blast in Jinjubyeo and Daecheongbyeo was HR 769 or HR 1590. 4. The resistance of Dobongbyeo, Gwanagbyeo and Chiagbyeo to the rice blast was derived from Tjina, Kongo and Kuik 90, respectively. 5. The resistance of Seolagbyeo, Seonambyeo, Kihobyeo, Namyangbyeo, Samnambyeo, Seohaebyeo, Whaseongbyeo, Daegwanbyeo and Taeseongbyeo, and Sobaegbyeo, Odaebyeo and Unbongbyeo to the rice blast was derived from Fuji 280 and Fuji 269, respectively. 6. The source of resistance to the rice blast in Cheonmabyeo and Baegambyeo was BL 7 and Nongbaek, the resistance of Dongjinbyeo and Sangpungbyeo to the rice blast was derived from Satominori and Simokita, respectively. 7. Japonica type of rice varieties was classified into eleven varietal groups according to their reaction to the blast as follows. Eight varieties of Jinheung group, two varieties of Dongjinbyeo group, two varieties of Jinjubyeo group, three varieties of Gwanagbyeo group, four varieties of Sobaegbyeo group, one variety of Nongbaek group, two varieties of Baegambyeo group, five varieties of Sinseonchalbyeo group, five varieties of Seonambyeo group, two varieties of Taeseongbyeo group and some variety of Nagdongbyeo group.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.153-166
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• 1993

The experiments were conducted to improve raw milk quality during storage, the chemical composition and microbiological aspect of raw milk, milk thermized at $65^{\circ}C$ for 30 second, and $75^{\circ}C$ for 2 second stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 4 days were investigated. The result obtained were summarized as follows : 1. During storage of raw and thermized milk, in the composition of milk fat, milk protein, lactose and total solid did not change significantly. 2. The range of pH and acidity for the raw milk were 6.73~5.94 and 0.16~0.27% respectively and those of the thermized milk were 6.79~6.62 and 0.16~0.17% respectively. The phosphatase test were negative in heated milk. 3. The composition of total nitrogen, NCN and whey protein were decreased, wherease those of NPN and casein were increased in heat treated milk. 4. The compositions of total nitrogen and casein were decreased as the storage period advanced, wherese those of NCN and NPN were increased. However, the composition of whey protein did not significantly change. 5. The number of coliform bacteria was not found in thermized milk. but were gradually increased in raw milk during storage period. 6. Raw milk had total bacteria count as $5.6{\times}10^6/ml$, psychrotrophic bacteria $1.8{\times}10^6/ml$ and thermoduric bacteria $1.6{\times}10^5/ml$, as the heat treatment increased microorganism counts decreased to milk thermized at $75^{\circ}C$, for 2 sec. $3.0{\times}10^3/ml$, $1.5{\times}10/ml$ and $2.7{\times}10^3/ml$ respectively. 7. The count of thermoduric bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria and total bacteria were increased during storage period, and more rapidly increased in raw milk than in heat treated milk.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2006

Japan's first pilot-scale $CO_2$ sequestration experiment has been conducted in Nagaoka, where 10400 t of $CO_2$ have been injected in an onshore aquifer at a depth of about 1100 m. Among various measurements conducted at the site for monitoring the injected $CO_2$, we conducted time-lapse crosswell seismic tomography between two observation wells to determine the distribution of $CO_2$ in the aquifer by the change of P-wave velocities. This paper reports the results of the crosswell seismic tomography conducted at the site. The crosswell seismic tomography measurements were carried out three times; once before the injection as a baseline survey, and twice during the injection as monitoring surveys. The velocity tomograms resulting from the monitoring surveys were compared to the baseline survey tomogram, and velocity difference tomograms were generated. The velocity difference tomograms showed that velocity had decreased in a part of the aquifer around the injection well, where the injected $CO_2$ was supposed to be distributed. We also found that the area in which velocity had decreased was expanding in the formation up-dip direction, as increasing amounts of $CO_2$ were injected. The maximum velocity reductions observed were 3.0% after 3200 t of $CO_2$ had been injected, and 3.5% after injection of 6200 t of $CO_2$. Although seismic tomography could map the area of velocity decrease due to $CO_2$ injection, we observed some contradictions with the results of time-lapse sonic logging, and with the geological condition of the cap rock. To investigate these contradictions, we conducted numerical experiments simulating the test site. As a result, we found that part of the velocity distribution displayed in the tomograms was affected by artefacts or ghosts caused by the source-receiver geometry for the crosswell tomography in this particular site. The maximum velocity decrease obtained by tomography (3.5%) was much smaller than that observed by sonic logging (more than 20%). The numerical experiment results showed that only 5.5% velocity reduction might be observed, although the model was given a 20% velocity reduction zone. Judging from this result, the actual velocity reduction can be more than 3.5%, the value we obtained from the field data reconstruction. Further studies are needed to obtain more accurate velocity values that are comparable to those obtained by sonic logging.