• ETRI Journal
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.977-990
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• 2022

This study proposes a novel method for identifying the primary conspirators involved in terrorist activities. To map the information related to terrorist activities, we gathered information from different sources of real cases involving terrorist attacks. We extracted useful information from available sources and then mapped them in the form of terrorist networks, and this mapping provided us with insights in these networks. Furthermore, we came up with a novel centrality measure for identifying the primary conspirators of a terrorist attack. Because the leaders of terrorist attacks usually direct conspirators to conduct terrorist activities, we designed a novel algorithm that can identify such leaders. This algorithm can identify terrorist attack leaders even if they have less connectivity in networks. We tested the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms on four real-world datasets and conducted an experimental evaluation, and the proposed algorithms could correctly identify the primary conspirators and leaders of the attacks in the four cases. To summarize, this work may provide information support for security agencies and can be helpful during the trials of the cases related to terrorist attacks.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.31-37
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• 2020

The purpose of this research study is to examine the stock market's response to terrorist attacks. The study uses data of terrorist attacks in different parts of the country (Pakistan) from June 1, 2014 to May 31, 2017. The event window procedure applies to a 16-day window in which 5 days before and 10 days after the attack. In addition, several event windows have been built to test the response of the Pakistan Stock Exchange. KSE-100 index is taken as proxy of response. The total terrorist attacks are classified into four categories: attacks on law enforcement agencies, attacks on civilians, attacks on special places and attacks on politicians, government employees and bureaucrats. The standard market model is used to estimate the abnormal return of the Pakistan Stock Exchange, which takes 252 business days each year. Furthermore, BMP test is used to check statistical significance of cumulative abnormal rate of return (CAAR). The results of this study reveal that total number of terrorist attacks and attacks on law enforcement agencies show long-term effects on Pakistan stock exchange. However, attacks on civilians, attacks on special places and attacks on politicians, government employees and bureaucrats have little effect on the Pakistan Stock Exchange.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.694-701
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• 2021

Catastrophic events cause casualties, damage property, and lead to huge social impacts. To build common standards and facilitate international communications regarding disasters, the relevant authorities in social management rank them in subjectively imposed terms such as direct economic losses and loss of life. Terrorist attacks involving uncertain human factors, which are roughly graded based on the rule of property damage, are even more difficult to interpret and assess. In this paper, we collected 114 183 open-source records of terrorist attacks and used a machine learning method to grade them synthetically in an automatic and objective way. No subjective claims or personal preferences were involved in the grading, and each derived common factor contains the comprehensive and rich information of many variables. Our work presents a new automatic ranking approach and is suitable for a broad range of gradation problems. Furthermore, we can use this model to grade all such attacks globally and visualize them to provide new insights.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.2
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• pp.201-235
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• 2004

This paper provides a simple microeconomic model of terrorist attcks and anti-terrorism policies. The terrorists can be characterised as rational actors, choosing between legal activities and terrorist activities to promote their political goals. Since their resources are limited, one can think of anti-terrorist policies by examining how such policies affect the objectives and constraints of terrorists. Deterrence policy seeks to reduce terrorist attacks by raising the cost of undertaking terrorist acts. Proactive policy aims at preventing attacks by destroying terrorists' resources (fund, personnel, leadership). This paper suggests another type of anti-terrorist policy which is to reduce the benefits of (or in other words, raising the opportunity costs of) terrorist acts. Such a policy is based on decentralisation in political decision-making and economic power.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.33
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• pp.261-290
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• 2012

Since the launch of Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001, Afghanistan has been a critical battle ground for war against global terrorism. For the last 10 years, the U.S. government and its allies and the Afghan government have put a considerable effort to crush terrorists and insurgents and at the same time to construct nationwide governance system. Yet, the noble mission still seems far from complete. Terrorist or insurgent operations in Afghanistan are still active and troublesome. Thus this subject continues to draw a considerable attention of research or investigative reports to grasp an insightful knowledge or intelligence that may allow a better handling of terrorist troubles in this war-torn nation. This study hopes to serve this purpose by providing analyzed information on terrorist bombings in Afghanistan occurred between 2004 and 2007. It adopts GIS (Geographic information System) analysis technique to uncover spatially patterned aspects of terrorist bombing attacks in Afghanistan. The specific focus of this study is to examine whether terrorists behave rationally when they decide which targets to attack. For analysis, this study will focus on examining whether characteristics of localities have certain impact on the risk of being targets of terrorist bombing attacks. To examine the hypothesis of this study, it will explore how the spatial risk of becoming targets of terrorist bombing attack interacts with cost necessary for executing a ttack paid b y terrorists; 1) by demonstrating the spatial distribution of bombing attacks in Afghanistan and 2) by estimating the distance between headquarters (or home base) of terrorists groups and the bombed target area.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.49
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• pp.157-183
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• 2016

Countries across the globe, including those in Europe, are waging a "war against terrorism" as international terrorist groups such as ISIS and lone-wolf terrorists have unleashed various large-scale attacks on rail infrastructure. Anti-South Korean sentiment exists in Muslim-majority countries because the nation has cooperated with the US for its military interventions in the Middle East, and ISIS has threatened to target South Korea four times since September 9, 2015. In addition, North Korea has been left isolated in the international community with its missile and nuclear tests, while further escalating inter-Korean tension and threatening to strike major facilities and attack important figures in the South. These situations imply that South Korea is no longer immune to terrorist attacks. If the nation fails to prevent or deter such terrorist attacks against rail networks, massive casualties, property damage and social confusion would be unavoidable, deteriorating national and international trust in its counter-terrorism policies. This may lead to a national crisis involving decreases in the number of tourists, dampened interest of foreign investors, and capital flight. This study aims to propose policy measures to enhance railroad security checks, based on the work of railroad police officers, for the sake of protecting citizens and public safety. The suggestions include an incremental expansion of railroad security checks; growth of the railroad police force and adjustment of their policing distribution with other police officers; enhancement of security systems across important rail networks; improvement of the Railroad Safety Act; Southeast Asia, including the corresponding strengthening of the national crackdown illegal immigrants, and plans for pre-emptive and regular cooperation among organizations related to the promotion of security checks and the prevention of terrorist attacks.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.293-316
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• 2013

Today's high-rise buildings are increasing concern about the safety and evacuation of people related to the fire and threat from outside. Terrorism breaking out in high-rise buildings, a symbol of the national economy results in a number of casualties, economic loss, social fear and damage to national status. That's why high-rise building has also emerged as a target of major terrorist attacks, compared to other types of buildings. We have 54 high-rise buildings in 15 regions over the country. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and Seoul Metropolitan Government have offered the guidelines to prevent terrorist attacks toward high-rise buildings. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has developed and taken advantage of the Risk Management Manual Series. According to this manual, pre-assessment is conducted for the prevention of terrorism and particularly in FEMA 455, risk of the surrounding areas, vulnerability, possibility from terrorist attacks are checked. After the check, experts classify the risk of terrorist attacks toward the high-rise buildings and according to the risk classification, architects, security experts and structure engineers can carry out terrorism prevention program for high-rise buildings. The U.K. NaCTSO has also offered the terrorism prevention guidelines. Therefore, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and Seoul Metropolitan Government should make more concrete guidelines for high-rise buildings such as what U.S. FEMA and U.K. NaCTSO implement, including prior evaluation technique for terrorism risk.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.13
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• pp.507-528
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• 2007

June 2006, five korean oil workers, three who worked for Daewoo and two for Korea Gas, released after being held hostage by separatist militants in Nigeria. The kidnapping was happened in the Niger Delta where armed separatists are demanding a larger share in oil revenues and compensation for environmental destruction due to oil exploration. Seven months later, nine Korean pipeline workers of Daewoo together with a Nigerian were kidnapped again and safely released thanks to the efforts of the company and the Korean government. These two kidnapping incidents have shown that companies engaged in the overseas business are not safe any more from the terrorist attacks and has given an invaluable lesson that the company having an intention to go abroad for business should take all possible anti and counter-measures against terrorism. The main purpose of this study is to suggest a guideline for the establishment of counter-terrorism and security strategy against terrorist attacks on the private companies at the overseas. In order to foster a better understanding of the problem, a brief history of terrorism is presented in the first part. In addition, this study analyses and describes the variations of terrorist attacks against private companies together with the terrorism related environment of Korea. Based on the outcome of the study, this paper takes a global view and perspectives of terrorist attacks against private companies and suggests consideration for the future.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.7
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• pp.95-124
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• 2004

It can be said that 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' in 2001 were not only the indiscriminate attacks on innocent people but also the whole - political, economical and military - attacks on human life. Also, 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' can be regarded as the significant events in the history of world, which were on the peak of the super-terrorism or new-terrorism that had emerged from the 1980s. However, if one would have analysed the developments of terrorism from the 1970s, they could have been foreknown without difficulty. The finding from this study can be summarized as the followings, First, in spite that the USA responsive system against terrorism had been assessed as perfect before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks', the fragilities were found in the aspects of the response on the new-terrorism or super-terrorism. The previous responsive system before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks' had the following defects as the followings: (1) it was impossible to establish the integrated strategy, because the organizations related to the response against terrorism had not integrated; (2) there were some weakness to collect and diffuse the informations related to terrorism; (3) the security system for the domestic airline service in USA and the responsive system of air defense against terrors on aircraft were very fragile. For these reasons, USA government established the 'Department of Homeland Security' of which the President is the head so that the many organizations related to terrorism were integrated into a single management system. And, it legislated a new act to protect security from terrors, which legalized of the wiretapping in spite of the risk of encroachment upon personal rights, increased the jail terms upon terrorists, froze the bank related to terrorist organization, and could censor e-mails. Second, it seem that Korean responsive system against terrors more fragile than that of USA. One of the reasons is that people have some perception that Korea is a safe zone from terrors, because there were little attacks from international terrorists in Korea. This can be found from the fact that the legal arrangement against terrorism is only the President's instruction No. 47. Under this responsive system against terrorism dependent on only the President's instruction, it is expected that there would be a poor response against terrors due to the lack of unified and integrated responsive agency as like the case of USA before 'the September 11th Terrorist Attacks'. And, where there is no legal countermeasure, it is impossible to expect the binding force on the outside of administrative agencies and the performances to prevent and hinder the terrorist actions can not but be limited. That is to say, the current responsive system can not counteract effectively against the new-terrorism and super-terrorism. Third, although there were some changes in Korean government's policies against terrorism. there still are problems. One of the most important problems is that the new responsive system against terrorism in Korea, different from that of USA, is not a permanent agency but a meeting body that is organized by a commission. This commission is controled by the Prime Minister and the substantial tasks are under the National Intelligence Service. Under this configuration, there can be the lack of strong leadership and control. Additionally, because there is no statute to response against terrorism, it is impossible to prevent and counteract effectively against terrorism. The above summarized suggests that, because the contemporary super-terrorism or new-terrorism makes numerous casualties of unspecified persons and enormous nationwide damages, the thorough prevention against terrorism is the most important challenge, and that the full range of legal and institutional arrangements for the ex post counteraction should be established. In order to do so, it is necessary for the government to make legal and institutional arrangements such as the permanent agency for protection from terrorism in which the related departments cooperates with together and the development of efficient anti-terror programs, and to show its willingness and ability that it can counteract upon any type of domestic and foreign terrorism so that obtain the active supports and confidence from citizens.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.39A no.11
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• pp.660-674
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• 2014

RFID system has been used in a variety of services. So, a lot of attacks like a free ride on the service, leakage of property or personal information are known. Therefore, the solutions that address these attacks have been proposed. Among the attacks, mafia fraud, a kind of relay attack, can not be addressed by common authentication protocol. So, Hancke and Kuhn used distance bounding protocol for RFID authentication. After that, Munilla and Peinado modified HK protocol by adding void challenge. So the mafia fraud success probability of adversary is lower than probability of HK protocol. Ahn et al. proposed a protocol that reduces number of a hash computation and traffic than MP protocol. Here, we show that MP protocol can not defend the terrorist fraud and is vulnerable to noise. And we show that also AYBN protocol is vulnerable to mafia fraud and key leakage. Moreover, we propose a new protocol and our experimental results show that our protocol is secure to terrorist and mafia fraud.