• 대기
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.591-600
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• 2015

We have analyzed wind and eddy covariance data collected within roughness sublayer over sloping terrain. The study site is located on non-flat terrain with slopes in both south-north and east-west directions. The surface elevation change is smaller than the height of roughness element such as building and tree. This study examines the directional wind shear for data collected at three levels in the lowest 10 m in the roughness sublayer. The wind direction shear is caused by drag of roughness element and terrain-induced motions at this site. Small directional shear occurs when wind speed at 10 m is strong and wind direction at 10 m is southerly which is the same direction as upslope flow near surface at this site during daytime. Correlation between vertical shear of lateral momentum and lateral momentum flux is smaller over steeply sloped surface compared to mildly sloped surface and lateral momentum flux is not down-gradient over steeply sloped surface. Quadrant analysis shows that the relative contribution of four quadrants to momentum flux depends on both surface slope and wind direction shear.

• 대기
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.485-500
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• 2013

This study conducted WRF-Fire simulations in order to investigate sensitivities of the resolution of fire fuel and terrain data sets, and the surface wind to simulated fire area. The sensitivity simulations were consisted of 8 different WRF-Fire runs, each of which used different combination of data sets of fire fuel and terrain with different resolution. From the results it was turned out that the surface wind was most sensitive. The next was fire fuel and then fire terrain. Unfortunately, every run produced too much fire area. In other words no simulations succeeded in simulating such proper fire area so as for the WRF-Fire to be used realistically. It was verified that the errors of fire area from each runs were contributed by 41%, 53%, and 6% from surface wind, fire fuel, and fire terrain, respectively. Finally this study suggested that the selection of Anderson fuel category in the area of interest seemed to be very critical in the performance of WRF-Fire simulations.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 2011

Terrain recognition ability is crucial to the performance of legged robots in an outdoor environment. For instance, a robot will not easily walk and it will tumble or deviate from its path if there is no information on whether the walking surface is flat, rugged, tough, and slippery. In this study, the ground surface recognition ability of robots is discussed, and to enable walking robots to recognize the surface state and changes, a central moment method was used. The values of the sensor signals (load cell) of robots while walking were detected in the supported section and were analyzed according to signal variance, skewness, and kurtosis. Based on the results of such analysis, the surface state was detected and classified.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 1987

지형의 변화를 양적으로 표시하는 매개변수-경사도, 곡율, 돌출빈도 및 표면적과 이에 대응하는 평면적의 비-로부터 지형을 분류하고, 이 지형에 따른 적합곡면식을 찾는다. 평탄지형, 완곡지형, 불규척지형을 지형변화양의 변수들에 의해 분류하였고, 평탄지형에는 선형평면식, 완곡지형은 3차 및 5차 곡면식, 그리고 불규칙지형은 5차 곡면식이 적합됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.133-141
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• 1998

지형 모델링은 사각그리드에 의한 방법과 불규칙 삼각망을 이용한 방법으로 나눌 수 있다. 특히 불규칙 삼각망에 의한 방법은 적은 지형 데이터로써 지형의 특징을 잘 표현할 수 있고 렌더링시간을 단축시킬 수 있어 널리 사용되고 있다. 이러한 불규칙 삼각망을 만들기 위해서는 의미점 추출과정과 삼각형화 과정이 필요하다. 본 논문은 이러한 전처리 작업 중 의미점 추출과정의 개선에 중점을 두었다. 의미점을 추출하는 방법에는 8방향 이웃점 검사 방법과 이를 변형한 방법들이 많이 사용되고 있다. 또한 다각형 감소 기법을 응용하여 불필요한 점들을 제거하는 방법도 제안되고 있다. 그중 기본적으로 사용하는 8방향 이웃점 검사 방법을 이용한 의미점 추출 방법은 필요 없는 점들을 추출한다는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서 지형 단면을 이용한 의미점 추출방법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 기존의 방법보다 의미점 추출 시간이 빠르고 적은 지형 자료로 보다 정확한 특징점을 추출할 수 없다.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2008

Digital Terrain Elevation Data is a set of numerical values that represent the heights of the terrain surface. Terrain has several properties. Among them, roughness is the most widely used one because it gives very useful information to land-based or land-reference platform. There are several ways to measure roughness of terrain. But each of them has own flaws. Moreover, it is not enough to represent the uniqueness of the terrain only by the roughness. We need another metric to measure the actual uniqueness. In this paper, we propose an improved method to measure essential characteristics, uniqueness, of terrain. It gives not only the roughness but also the unevenness. The combination of them makes up the uniqueness. And it can be applied even if there is no pre-planned path on the terrain.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.541-563
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• 2014

This paper investigates the topographic effects on wind characteristics over hilly terrain, based on wind data recorded at a number of meteorological stations in or near complex terrain. The multiply data sources allow a more detailed investigation of the flow field than is normally possible. Vertical profiles of mean and turbulent wind components from a Sodar profiler were presented and then modeled as functions of height and wind speed. The correlations between longitudinal and vertical wind components were discussed. The phenomena of flow separation and generation of vortices were observed. The distance-dependence of the topographic effects on gust factors was revealed subsequently. Furthermore, the canyon effect was identified and discussed based on the observations of wind at a saddle point between two mountain peaks. This study aims to further understanding of the characteristics of surface wind over rugged terrain. The presented results are expected to be useful for structural design, prevention of pollutant dispersion, and validation of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) models or techniques over complex terrains.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.113-119
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• 1995

In 3D computer graphics, fractal techniques have been applied to terrain models. Even though fractal models have become popular for recreating a wide variety of the shapes found in nature, a specific 3D terrain model such as Uleung Island could not be formulated by statistical fractals easily owing to the random effects. However, by locating the midpoints on the edges and the surface of a specific terrain such as Uleung Island, a similar shape of the terrain model can be simulated. This paper shows the way of simulating 3D Uleung Island terrain model by the statistical fractals wherein the subdivision algorithm is used.

• 대기
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.349-364
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• 2007

The main purpose of this study is to examine the sensitivity of the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) in the wind field to the steepness of mountains in the case with a strong downslope wind occurred in the Yeongdong province. We conducted WRF simulations for February 13 2006. The initial and boundary data are from the NCEP/NCAR $1^{\circ}{\times}1^{\circ}$ GDAS. Arbitrary terrains of the mountains with a symmetric orography and an asymmetric one with steeper leeward slope, were introduced to examine the sensitivity of the shape of the mountains. The simulation with an asymmetric terrain results in stronger maximum surface wind by about $10ms^{-1}$ than with a symmetric terrain, especially in the narrow region from the peak to ~ 4 km away in the downstream. However, the maximum surface wind speed is weaker by $20ms^{-1}$ than with a symmetric terrain away from the narrow peak region. This indicates that the steeper slope leads to the intensification of downslope wind in the narrower region leeward. In addition, for the simulation with an asymmetric terrain, the strength of wave breaking is greater and the Lee wave is more dominant than for that with a symmetric terrain.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.825-837
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• 2007

한국 국립해양조사원의 수심자료와 미국 NIMA((National Imagery and Happing Agency)의 수치지형자료를 바탕으로 우리나라 일원에서 측정한 중력의 지형보정을 위한 위도 및 경도 간격이 각각 $3"{\times}3"$)인 지형자료를 재편집하였다. 이 자료를 바탕으로 지구 곡률을 고려한 정밀 지형보정값을 계산하기 위한 알고리즘을 개발하였고, 중력측정점으로부터 반지름 166.735 km인 원 내부에 대한 지형보정값을 계산하는 Fortran프로그램을 작성하였다. 이 알고리즘 및 프로그램을 이용하여 남한 전역에 대한 지형보정값을 계산하였다. 그 결과 최대값은 56.508 mGal 이고 평균값은 4.539 mGU이다.