• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1219-1226
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• 2006

The ASTM test standard recommends the use of the compact tension specimen for creep crack growth rates measurement. In the creep crack growth rate test, the displacement rate due to creep is obtained by subtracting the contribution of elastic and plastic components from the total load line displacement rate based on displacement partitioning method fur determining $C^*-integral$, which involves Ramberg-Osgood (R-O) fitting procedures. This paper investigates the effect of the R-O fitting procedures on plastic displacement rate estimates in creep crack growth testing, via detailed two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite element analyses of the standard compact tension specimen. Four different R-O fitting procedures are considered; (i) fitting the entire true stress-strain data up to the ultimate tensile strength, (ii) fitting the true stress-strain data from 0.1% strain to 0.8 of the true ultimate strain, (iii) fitting the true stress-strain data only up to 5% strain, and (iv) fitting the engineering stress-strain data. It is found that the last two procedures provide reasonably accurate plastic displacement rates and thus should be recommended in creep crack growth testing. Moreover, several advantages of fitting the engineering stress-strain data over fitting the true stress-strain data only up to 5% strain are discussed.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제48권11호
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• pp.965-973
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• 2010

The small punch creep (SPC) test has recently received much attention as a new alternative to the conventional uniaxial creep test because it needs only a miniature-sized specimen directly detached from an operating system or component without any serious sampling damages. However, it is difficult to obtain the equivalent uniaxial creep data directly from the SPC data. As a specimen is deformed by a punch in the SPC test, the test result is sensitive to the friction between them. Finite element analyses with various friction coefficients was performed and showed a tendency of increased SPC life with an increased friction coefficient. The necking position predicted by the SPC simulation with a proper friction coefficient showed good agreement with that observed from the real SPC test. Finally, a noble method to convert the SPC load and displacement rate into the equivalent uniaxial creep stress and strain rate, respectively, was established in this study.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.284-287
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• 2011

본 연구는 Mg-Al 합금에 첨가된 희토류 금속(rare earth metal, RE)과 스트론튬(Sr)이 상온 및 고온 기계적 특성에 미치는 영향을 비교하고, 그 결과를 미세조직의 변화와 연관지어 분석하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 4종의 Mg-6%Al-(3-X)%REX% Sr 합금(X = 0~3)을 마련하여 RE를 Sr으로 대체하면서 상온 및 고온 인장 특성, 크립 저항성을 평가하였다. RE가 Sr으로 대체됨에 따라, 층상구조의(${\alpha}$ + $Al_4Sr$)상이 ${\alpha}$ 덴드라이트 사이에 생성되면서 침상의 $Al_4RE$상이 점차 소멸하였으며 Mg-6%Al-3%Sr 합금에서는(${\alpha}$ + $Al_4Sr$과 블록형태의 Mg-Al-Sr상이 관찰되었다. Sr 함량이 증가할수록 항복강도와 크립저항성은 지속적으로 향상되는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2010

본 연구는 균질한 품질을 가지는 경량기포토의 특성을 파악하기 위해 실시되었다. 이전에는 경량성토재로서 EPS (Expanded PolyStyrene)가 주로 사용되었지만, EPS의 소성변형으로 인한 단차 및 균열과 같은 문제가 발생되어 새로운 재료의 개발이 성급한 실정이다. 대체 공법으로 현장의 준설토를 활용한 경량기포혼합토가 개발되고 현장에 적용되었다. 경량기포혼합토는 EPS공법에 비해 장기적인 소성변형이 더 적은 장점이 있지만, 채취되는 준설토의 위치에 따라 서로 상이한 강도특성을 지니고 있어 품질관리에 어려움을 겪고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 공장에서 생산된 균질한 품질의 모래를 혼합한 경량기포토의 특성을 파악하였다. 즉, 경량기포토의 압축 및 인장특성을 파악하기 위해 단위중량과 시멘트-모래비 및 기포량을 달리한 공시체에 대하여 일축압축시험과 간접인장강도시험이 실시되었다.

• 한국압력기기공학회 논문집
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.34-41
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• 2011

Wrought nickel-base superalloys are being considered as the structural materials in very-high temperature gas-cooled reactors. To understand the effects of impurities, especially oxygen, in helium coolant on the mechanical properties of Alloy 617, creep tests were performed in high temperature flowing He environments with varying $O_2$ contents at 800, 900, and $1000^{\circ}C$. Also, creep life in static He was measured to simulate the pseudo-inert environment. Creep life was the longest in static He, while the shortest in flowing helium. In static He, impurities like $O_2$ and moisture were quickly consumed by oxidation in the early stage of creep test, which prevented further oxidation during creep test. Without oxidation, microstructural change detrimental to creep such as decarburization and internal oxidation were prevented, which resulted in longer creep life. On the other hand, in flowing He environment, surface oxides were not stable enough to act as diffusion barriers for oxidation. Therefore, extensive decarburization and internal oxidation under tensile load contributed to premature failure resulting in short creep life. Limited test in flowing He+200ppm $O_2$ resulted in even shorter creep life. The oxidation samples showed extensive spallation which resulted in severe decarburization and internal oxidation in those environments. Further test and analysis are underway to clarify the relationship between oxidation and creep resistance.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.2122-2129
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• 2002

Creep damage using a reference stress(RS) was analyzed for type 316LN stainless steel. The generalized K-R equation was reconstructed into the RS equation using a critical stress value $\sigma$. The RS equation was derived from the critical stress in failure time $t_f$ instead of material damage parameter $\omega$, which indicates the critical condition of collapse or approach to gross instability of materials during creep. For obtaining the reference stress, a series of creep tests and tensile tests were conducted with at 55$0^{\circ}C$ and $600^{\circ}C$. The stress-time data obtained from creep tests were applied to the RS equations to characterize the creep damage of type 316LN stainless steel. The value of creep constant r with stress levels was about 18 at 55$0^{\circ}C$ and 21 at $600^{\circ}C$. This value was almost similar with r = 24 in the K-R equation, which was obtained by using damage parameter $\omega$. Relationship plots of creep failure strain and life fraction $(t_f /t_r)$ were also obtained with different λ values. The RS equation was therefore more convenient than the generalized K-R equation, because the measuring process to quantify the damage parameter $\omega$ such as voids or micro cracks in crept materials was omitted. The RS method can be easily used by designers and plant operator as a creep design tool.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.103-111
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• 1993

Recently, several high-tensile steels(e.g. 80kg and above, $2^{1/4}Cr$-1Mo)having good quality to high temperature and pressure-resistance are widely used to construct petroleum-plant and pressure vessel of heat or nuclear-power plant. However, in the steels, reheating crack at grain boundaries of the heat affected zone(HAZ) occures during post welding heat treatment(PWHT)to remove welding residual stress. In order to study theoretically the characteristics of reheating crack created by PWHT, the computer program of three-dimensional thermal-elasto-plasto-creep analysis based on finite element method are developed, and then the mechanical behavior(history of creep strain accumulation and stress relaxation, etc)of welded join in thick plate during PWTH is clarified by the numerical results.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2003년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.457-462
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• 2003

It studies the non-structural crack factors that are produced in Steel Box Girder Bridge concrete floor plate using analytical method. It mainly studies humidity and design standard of concrete strength. It used MIDAS CIVIL Ver 5.4.0, a general structure analysis program that applies drying shrinkage rate of domestic road bridge design standard and standard value of creep coefficient, CEF-FIP standard equation and ACI standard equation from the aspect of creep, drying shrinkage and hydration heat to see the effect of the two factors on concrete crack and found the following result. The analytical results of this study showed that the initial stress, which was obtained by ACI standard, exceeds the allowable tensile stress between 5 to 18 days. This result means that even if a bridge is designed and constructed according to design standard, the bridge can have cracks due to various variables such as drying shrinkage, hydration heat and creep that produce stress in slab.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2004

This paper proposes engineering estimation equations for the maximum deflection of a cylinder subject to bending under elastic-plastic and elastic-creep conditions. Being based on the reference stress approach, the proposed equations are simple to use and can accommodate general tensile and creep behaviours. Validation against detailed 3-D FE results using actual stress-strain data and realistic creep-deformation data shows excellent agreement, which provides confidence in the use of the proposed equation. Based on the proposed equations, together with information on in-service inspection data, discussion is given how to estimate future time-dependent and time-independent deflection of the CANDU pressure tube. Thus the present result would be valuable information for integrity assessment of the CANDU pressure tube.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.160-167
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• 2004

In order to theoretically analyze the creep behavior of high Cr steel at $600^{\circ}C$, a unified elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model based on the consideration of dislocation density is proposed. A combination of a kinetic equation describing the mechanical response of a material at a given microstructure in terms of dislocation glide and evolution equations for internal variables characterizing the microstructure provides the constitutive equations of the model. Microstructural features of the material such as the grain size and spacing between second phase particles are directly implemented in the constitutive equations. The internal variables are associated with the total dislocation density in a simple model. The model has a modular structure and can be adjusted to describe a creep behavior using the material parameters obtained from uniaxial tensile tests.