• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.400-420
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• 1998

We already know that it is very difficult to obtain an "isolated field" for direct bonding during the surgical exposure of unerupted teeth. The aim of this in-vitro study is to simulate the clinical situation of forced eruption and to evaluate the tensile strengths of preligatured button with several types of contamination which can happen during the surgical exposure of unerupted teeth. Four orthodontic direct bonding systems were used. ($Ortho-One^{TM}$, $Rely-a-Bond^{(R)}$, $Ortho-Two^{TM}$, Phase $II^{(R)}$) Each material was divided into four groups(n=20) : Group 1. (Control, no contamination), Group 2. (Rinse etching agent with saline instead of water), Group 3. (Blood contamination of etched surface for 30 seconds), Group 4. (Blood contamination of primed surface for 30 seconds) 320 bovine anterior permanent teeth were divided into the above mentioned 16 groups. Enamel surface was flattened and ground under water coolant. Pre-ligatured buttons were prepared to the same form. (Cut 0.25 ligature wire 10 cm in length. Twist the ligature wire 30 times clockwise. Mark the wire 15mm and 35mm points from button. Make a loop sticking two points together and twist the loop 6 times counterclockwise.) The bonded specimens were stored at $37^{\circ}C$ saline solution for 3 days. Then the tensile strength of each sample was measured with Instron universal testing machine, crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The following results were obtained: 1. As compared to control groups (Group 1) of each material, Rely-a-Bond had a significantly lower mean tensile strengths than other material. (p<0.01) 2. In Group 2. of Ortho-One and Rely-a-Bond, the mean tensile strengths decreased about 7.7% and 11.1%, respectively with statistical significances. (p<0.05) 3. In Group 2. of Ortho-Two and Phase II, the mean tensile strengths did not decrease. 4. In Group 3. of Ortho-One, Rely-a-Bond, Ortho-Two, and Phase II, the mean tensile strengths decreased about 60.8%, 56.1%, 60.2%, and 46.0%, respectively with statistical significances. (p<0.01) 5. In Group 4. of Ortho-One and Rely-a-Bond, the mean tensile strengths did not decrease. 6. In Group 4. of Ortho-Two and Phase II, the mean tensile strengths were decreased about 20.95% and 22.28%, respectively with statistical significances. (p<0.01) There were formations of a hump shaped mass from bonding resin under blood contamination which disturbed direct bonding procedure. According to Reynolds, the proper bond strength for clinical manipulation should be at least 45N or about 4.5Kg.F. According to these results, it can be concluded that Ortho-One could be used during surgical exposure of unerupted teeth. In any case, blood contamination of the etched surface should be avoided, but the blood contamination of primed surface of Ortho-One may not decrease bond strength. Just 'blowing-out' is enough to remove blood from primed surface of Ortho-One. You can verify the clean surface of the primer of Ortho-One after blowing out the blood contamination.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.431-444
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• 2023

This study investigated the use of latex-modified sand concrete reinforced with sisal fibers (LMSC) as a repair material. Notably, no prior research has explored the application of LMSC for this purpose. This paper examines the interface bond strength and the type of failure between LMSC as a repair material and the normal concrete (NC) substrate utilising four different surfaces: without surface preparation as a reference (SR), hand hammer (HA), sandblasted (SB), and grooved (GR). The bond strength was measured by bi-surface shear, splitting tensile, and pull-off strength tests at 7, 28, and 90 days. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was also performed to study the microstructure of the interface between the normal concrete substrate and the latex-modified sand concrete reinforced with sisal fibers. The results of this study indicate that LMSC has bonding strength with NC, especially for HR and SB surfaces with high roughness. Therefore, substrate NC surface roughness is essential in increasing the bonding strength and adhesion. Eventually, The LMSC has the potential to repair and rehabilitate concrete structures.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.16 no.5 s.83
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• pp.635-643
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• 2004

In this study, the tensile strength of 321 full-sized grout-filled splice steeve specimens were compared and analyzed in order to afford the data for a reasonable and economical design of this system. The experimental variables analyzed in this study were embedment length of reinforcing bars, compressive strength of grout, sleeve geometry, loading pattern and final failure mode of specimen. Following main conclusions are obtained : 1) The strength of grout-filled splice sleeve tends to be improved with increasing compressive strength of grout and embedment length of reinforcing bars. Specially this tendency appears apparent in specimens of bond failure rather than rebar failure. 2) The results of this study show that the sleeve geometry have influence on the bond strength of grout-filled splice sleeve. 3) The grout-filled splice sleeve of bond failure don't show the difference of tensile strength according to size of rebar. 4) It is verified that the tensile strength required in ACI and domestic code is retained either when the compressive strength of grout over 70 MPa is used with embedment length of reinforcing bars over 4.5d or when the compressive strength of grout over 80 MPa is used with embedment length of rebars over 3.9d. 5) It is verified that the tensile strength required in AIJ code is retained in case when the embedment length of reinforcing bars is 0.8 times the rebar diameter longer than in ACI code.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.99-108
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• 2012

Ultra High Performance Concrete(UHPC) has compressive strength higher than 180 MPa. The use of steel fibers in the dense UHPC matrix increases tensile strength, ductility and bond strength between UHPC and rebars. However, to apply the advance material behavior of UHPC to the design of a structure, we need design formulas. The crack formula is one of them. This paper investigated experimentally the bond behavior of a rebar and K-UHPC, the UHPC developed by Korea Institute of Construction Technology, and, modified CEB-FIP crack formula based on the test. In addition, this paper tested the crack behavior of K-UHPC reinforced with rebars to verify the modified crack formula. The result showed that the modified formula is reasonable to predict the width of cracks in the reinforced K-UHPC structures.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2012

Though steel reinforcing bars are the most widely used tensile reinforcement, corrosion problems are encountered due to the exposure to aggressive environments. As an alternative material to steel, the fiber reinforced polymers have been used as reinforcement in concrete structures. However, bond strength of FRP rebar is relatively low compared to steel rebar. It has been reported that fibers in matrix can resist crack growth, propagation and finally result in an increase of toughness. In this study, high-strength concrete reinforced with structural fibers was produced to enhance interfacial bond behavior between FRP rebar and concrete matrix. The interfacial bond-behaviors were investigated from a direct pullout test. The test variables were surface conditions of GFRP bars and fiber types. Total of 54 pullout specimens with three different types of bars were cast for bond strength tests. The bond strength-slip responses and resistance of the bond failure were evaluated. The test results showed that the bond strength and toughness increased according to the increased fiber volume.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.769-777
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• 2003

The strengthening of concrete structures in situ with externally bonded carbon fiber is increasingly being used for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Because carbon fiber is attractive for this application due to its good tensile strength, resistances to corrosion, and low weight. Generally bond strength and behavior between concrete and carbon fiber mesh(CFM) is very important, because of enhancing bond of CFM. Therefore if bond strength is sufficient, it will be expect to enhance reinforcement effect. Unless sufficient, expect not to enhance reinforcement effect, because of occuring bond failure between concrete and CFM. In this study, the bond strength and load-displacement response of CFM to the concrete by the direct pull-out test(the tensile-shear test method) were investigated using the experiment and the finite element method analysis with ABAQUS. The key variables of the experiment are the location of clip, number of clips and thickness of cover mortar. The general results indicate that the clip anchorage technique for increasing bond strength with CFM appear to be effective to maintain the good post-failure behavior.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.235-252
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• 2009

Due to the reduction of bond strength resulting from the high corrosion level of reinforcing bars, influence of this reduction on flexural capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) beam should be considered. An extreme case is considered, where bond strength is complete lost and/or the tensile steel are exposed due to heavy corrosion over a fraction of the beam length. A compatibility condition of deformations of the RC beam with partially unbonded length is proposed. Flexural capacity of this kind of RC beam is predicted by combining the proposed compatibility condition of deformations with equilibrium condition of forces. Comparison between the model's predictions with the experimental results published in the literature shows the practicability of the proposed model. Finally, influence of some parameters on the flexural capacity of RC beam with partially unbonded length is discussed. It is concluded that the flexural capacity of the beam may not be influenced by the completely loss of bond of the whole beam span as long as the tensile steel can yield; whether or not the reduction of the flexural capacity of the beam resulting from the loss of bond over certain length may occur depends on the detailed parameters of the given beam.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.421-434
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influences of incorporation of zirconium-silicate on diametral tensile strength, shear bond strength to the enamel, and depth of cure of 7 experimental composites. One group contained no filler(group 1 or control group), and the other 6 composites contain 75% filler in which zirconium-silicate(Zr-Si) were 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% with reduced contents of silica filler, respectively. Both of fillers were treated with 1% silane (${\gamma}$-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxy silane). Light curable monomers were prepared by mixing Bis-GMA and TEGDMA with 3:1 ratio and adding camphoroquinone(CQ) 0.6% with tertiary amine 0.3%. Diametral tensile strengths of specimens with $3mm{\times}6mm$ were measured with Instron (No.4467, USA) with 1mm/min crosshead speed. Shear bond strengths of composites which bonded to bovine enamel etched with 37% phosphoric acid were measured at Instron Testing Machine with as same speed as in diametral tensile strengths. Depth of cure were measured by a method that composite was filled in cylinder mold, illuminated at one side. and uncured composite was removed with acetone, and the residual thickness of composite was measured. Following results were obtained ; 1. Composites containing 0%, 2%, or 4% zirconium-silicate filler(group 2, 3 and 4) showed the statistically higher diametral tensile strength than the others. (p<0.05) 2. Increase of zirconium-silicate filler contents reduced the diametral tensile strength of experimental composites. ($r^2$=0.8721, p=0.0002) 3. Increase of zirconium-silicate filler contents did not affect the shear bond strength of experimental composites. ($r^2$=0.2815, p=0.4067) 4. Increase of zirconium-silicate filler contents reduced significantly the depth of cure of experimental composites. ($r^2$=0.9700, p<0.0001) These results mean that the mechanical properties of composites could not be improved by incorporation of small amount of zirconium-silicate filler. Also, the increased contents of zirconium-silicates fillers was found to reduce the diametral tensile strength and depth of cure.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.84-87
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• 2004

Nominal flexural strength of RC members strengthened with FRP sheets is generally based on the tensile strength of composite materials obtained from coupon tests. This method is based on the assumption that bond failure does not occur until the FRP sheet reaches its rupture strength. According to the previous researches, however, bond failure often occurs before the FRP sheet reaches its rupture strength. Some attempts were made to control debonding failure by increasing the bonded length of sheet or wrapping the section around their side of the member(U-wrap). In this study, the flexural failure mechanism of RC beams strengthened with AFRP sheets with different bond lengths is investigated. Their strengthening details to prevent the premature debonding failure are also suggested and its effectiveness is verified.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.249-259
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• 2018

The use of recycled aggregate in concrete is gaining much attention due to the growing need for sustainability in construction. In the present study, Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is made using both natural and recycled aggregate (crushed recycled concrete aggregate from building demolished waste) and performance of recycled aggregate based SCC for the bond behaviour of reinforcement is evaluated. The major factors that influence the bond like concrete compressive strength (Mix-A, B and C), diameter of bar ($D_b=10$, 12 and 16 mm) and embedment length of bar ($L_d=2.5Db$, $5D_b$ and full depth of specimen) are the parameters considered in the present study in addition to type of aggregates (natural and recycled aggregates). The mix proportions of Natural Aggregate SCC (NASCC) are arrived based on the specifications of IS 10262. The mix proportions also satisfy the guidelines of EFNARC. In case of Recycled Aggregate SCC (RASCC), both the natural coarse and fine aggregates are replaced 100% by volume with that of recycled aggregates. These mixes are also evaluated for fresh properties as per EFNARC. The hardened properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are also determined. The pull-out test is conducted as per the specifications of IS 2770 (Part-1) for determining the bond strength of reinforcement. Bond stress versus slip curves were plotted and a typical comparison of RASCC is made with NASCC. The fracture energy i.e., area under the bond stress slip curve is determined. With the use of recycled aggregates, reduction in maximum bond stress is noticed whereas, the normalised maximum bond stress is higher in case of recycled aggregates. Based on the experimental results, regression analysis is conducted and an equation is proposed to predict the maximum bond stress of RASCC. The equation is in good agreement with the experimental results. The available models in the literature are made use to predict the maximum bond stress and compare the present results.