• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.287-296
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• 2011

This study examines the influences of correlated color temperature and illuminance on visual perception and temporary mood sensation in a small office. Field measurements and surveys were conducted in a full-scale mock-up model. Twenty subjects participated in the survey under six lighting conditions formed by three color temperature and two illuminance levels. Results indicate that 4000 K color temperature was effective to mitigate glare sensation from light source. Lamps with low color temperature such as 2700 K was not recommended for office lighting since they are likely to caused glare and visual discomfort. Preferred color temperature was 4000 K and 6500 K for 750 lx and 500 lx target illuminance respectively. The increase of illuminance was not an effective contributor to improve mood perception. The illuminance should be lower than 500 lx to achieve good mood, but the illuminance level in office space should be considered with visual performance simultaneously. This study suggests that fluorescent lighting fixtures with 4000 K lamps would be usefully used for office lighting since they formed friendly conditions for better visual performance.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.497-508
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• 2012

Occupants' visual perception, psychological responses and spatial satisfaction under various indoor lighting environments were analyzed in this study. Field measurements and surveys were conducted in four coffeeshop space where different lighting conditions were used. Results imply that worse visual comfort was reported under direct lighting conditions that exposed light sources to occupants. To improve spatial satisfaction in space, lighting environments should lessen visual thresholds and distraction. Also, necessary illuminance levels should be kept with appropriate color of light that occupants prefer. Worse spatial satisfaction was reported under direct lighting environments, and spatial satisfaction was strongly relevant to visual comfort. Psychological comfort for space was positive in space where visual thresholds were minimized and visual comfort was positively evaluated. Psychological and spatial satisfaction was relevant each other. Occupants preferred to stay longer in space where psychological and spatial satisfaction was positively achieved due to less visual thresholds and improved visual comfort. Better psychological and spatial satisfaction was achieved in space where temporary mood and visual perception were favorably evaluated under indirect lighting environments.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.14
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• pp.42-54
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• 1998

This study aims to analyze needs for living space of residents in a farming retirement community In this study a survey was performed about desire for living space and aesthetic aspects of housing environment. Results of the study are as follows; 1. Most residents desire permanently formed dwelling unit rather than assembled temporary structure so that they comfortable in noise-prevented space. 2 The retirement community residents do not desperately prefer individually separated room because open space provides better observsation function for emergencies. 3. They hope their dwelling units are grouped like regular neighborhood and the units have traditional designs such conventional kitchen and sink and wooden floor. Finally in this study it is proposed that Korean rural retirement community be established with maximum use conventional dwelling resources so that the residents benefit old fashioned living tradition even in the recently moved retirement society.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.2 s.55
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• pp.21-28
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of Kinetic Architecture focused on case studies, categorize them and to research the possible applications of Kinetic Architecture. The results are as follow: first, the background of Kinetic Architecture is from the art, machine, nature and ancient architectures. Second, characteristics of Kinetic Architecture are deployability, modularity, lightweight, simplexity and interchangeability of parts. Third, the types of Kinetic Architecture are dynamically self-erecting structures, kinetic components, incremental architecture, mobile and disposable architecture. Finally, today the application cases of Kinetic Architecture are divided into the spital and skin part. The spital part is a temporary space, the multi-purpose spaces, housing, commercial spaces, and the educational spaces. The skin part offers functional(controling environments), artistic images through variation of materials and structural objects in the elevation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.207-214
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• 2020

This study analyzes the method for easily constructing a simple space in various environments. It also analyzes cases of modular prefab construction structures and explores various solutions and development directions that can form temporary residential spaces. This research intends to propose the diverse methods and solutions for constructing residential space for users' stable living environment in various unpredictable situations. This study amis to collect and analyze cases of various foreign patents related to the subject. With the analysis on the patents case, the prefab structures are mainly grouped into 4 types of 1) Assembly method using small parts, 2) Prefab module stacking method, 3) Space expansion method, and 4) Production methods of detailed elements. Based on the results, future research will inquire the lower cost and more efficient way of constructing prefab structure.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.75-80
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• 2014

Development of temporary housing for victims whose house damaged is required. In this study is to plan temporary house space 'Mobile Energy Shelter House ; MeSH' that can be inhabited for a long time. And measure the indoor Environmental performance. 'Mobile Energy Shelter House : MeSH' was made by reflecting Passive Design, Universal Design. Also, thermal insulation that meets the 'Korea standard insulation' for use low energy. Winter season, measuring temperature, humidity, air velocity and radiation temperature when floor heating that temperature controllers ware installed is used. Confirmed the data for the 8:00pm to 8:00am because evening hours are expected as residents live. Average outdoor temperature was $-11.3^{\circ}C$ and Indoor temperature was from $16.09^{\circ}C$ to $20.63^{\circ}C$. Calculated the TDRi of the window surface for checked condensation risk. TDRi value was 0.185. Furthermore, PMV value was -0.08 to -0.85. It was satisfied to ISO comfort criterion ranged.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.80-87
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• 2022

Most of the disaster relief items provided to sufferers and temporary evacuees that are supposed to be victims in Korea are not suitable for the shelter environment of temporary housing facilities, and are not satisfactory because they do not have the functions, proper size and types. The purpose of this study is to analyze the user needs of emergency rescue relief items by presenting problems about the use environment and to develop the variable air mattresses which are based on disaster prevention design. In order to secure objectivity such as usability, convenience, and durability, research data are limited. However, the difficulty of mass spreading of conventional fiber mat and the functional disadvantages of foam plastic mat are solved by adopting variable air mattresses. The variable air mattresses are expected to help rehabilitate people by helping victims of physical tiredness, illness worsening, poor sleep, and life instability that can happen during long-term shelter life.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.189-200
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• 2017

The work breakdown structure and the precedence relations by work activity are very important because they are the basic data for estimating the construction duration in the construction work. However, there is no standard to accurately estimate the construction duration since the size of the school facilities construction is smaller than the general construction work. Therefore, some schools are unable to open in March or September and the delay of the construction duration can cause damage to the students. To solve this problem, this study developed a work breakdown structure of school facilities construction work and analyzed the precedence relations by work activities. The work breakdown structure of the school facilities construction is composed of three steps. The operations corresponding to level 1 and level 2 are as follows. (1) 2 preparatory work categories; preparation period and temporary construction. (2) 17 architectural work categories; temporary construction, foundation & pile work, reinforced concrete work, steel roof work, brick work, plaster work, tile work, stone work, waterproof construction, wood work, interior construction, floor work, metal work, roof work, windows construction, glazing work and paint construction. (3) 7 mechanic and fire work categories; outside trunk line work, plumbing work, air-conditioning equipment work, machine room work, city gas plumbing work, sanitation facilities and inspection & test working. (4) 4 civil work categories; wastewater work, drainage work, pavement work and other work. (5) 1 landscaping work categories; planting work. The work breakdown structure was derived from interviews with experts based on the milestones and detailed statements of existing school facilities. The analysis of precedence relations by school facilities work activity utilized PDM(Precedence Diagramming Method)which does not need a dummy and the relations were applied using FS(Finish to Start), FF(Finish to Finish), SS(Start to Start), SF(Start to Finish). The analysis of this study shows that if one work activity is delayed, the entire construction duration may be delayed because the majority of the works are FS relations. Therefore, it is necessary to use the Lag at the appropriate time to estimate the standard construction duration of the school facility construction. Lag is a term used only in the PDM method and it is used to define the relationship between the predecessor and the successor in creating the network milestone. And it means the delay time applied to the two work activities. The results of this study can reasonably estimate the standard construction duration of school facilities and it will contribute to the quality of the school facilities construction.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2019

The number of natural disasters in Korea, such as earthquakes, is increasing. As a result, there is growing need for temporary residences or shelters for disaster conditions. The aim of this study was to produce post-disaster refugees housing differentiated from existing shelters using lightweight composite panels. To accomplish this, the structural performance of lightweight composite panels was validated, and an in-plane shear strength test was conducted according to the ASTM E72 criteria among the performance test methods for panels. As a result of the experiment, the maximum load for each specimen under an in-plane shear load was determined. All the experiments ended with the tear of the panel's skin section. The initial stiffness of the specimens was consistent with that predicted by the calculations. On the other hand, local crushing and tearing, as well as the characteristics of the panel, resulted in a decrease in stiffness and final failure. Specimens with an opening showed a difference in stiffness and strength from the basic experiment. The maximum load and the effective area were found to be proportional. Through this process, the allowable shear stress of the specimens was calculated and the average allowable shear stress was determined. The average ultimate shear stress of the lightweight composite panels was found to be $0.047N/mm^2$, which provides a criterion of judgement that could be used to expect the allowable load of lightweight composite panels.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.574-587
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• 2022

This study was performed to development the alternative farrowing pen (AFP) and to investigate performance and behavior of lactating sows and their litter. A total of 64 multiparous sows were randomly divided into two groups and were allocated to farrowing crates (FCs) and AFPs. The AFPs contained a crate and support bars that could be folded to provide the sows with extra space on day 5 postpartum. Behavior was recorded by charge-coupled device cameras and digital video recorders, and the data were scanned every 2 min to obtain an instantaneous behavioral sample. Farrowing systems did not affect feed intake, back-fat thickness, litter size and piglet weight at birth and weaning (p > 0.05). In addition, there were no differences in the number of crushed piglets between the two farrowing systems (p > 0.05). However, the weaning-to-estrus interval was shorter in the sows of the AFPs than in thous of the FCs (p < 0.05). The sows spent most of their time lying down during the lactating period, at about 80% lateral recumbency and 10%-15% ventral recumbency. The only significant differences were in the feeding and drinking behavior between sows in the two farrowing systems (p < 0.05). The FC sows displayed more feeding and drinking behavior than the AFP sows, especially in the late lactating period (p < 0.05). Piglets in the FCs tended to spend more time walking than piglets in the AFPs (p < 0.05), whereas there were no differences in suckling and lying behavior between piglets in the two farrowing systems (p > 0.05). It is concluded that the AFPs with temporary crating until day 4 postpartum did not negatively affect performance and crushed piglet compared with the FCs. It also may improve animal welfare by allowing sows to move and turn around during the lactating period. Further research is needed to find suitable housing designs to enhance productivity and animal welfare.