• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.327-337
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• 1999

A series of Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steels were austenitized, quenched to martensite, and tempered at various temperature and time conditions. Tensile testing was conducted at room temperature with cylindrical specimens, and hardness was measured using Rockwell hardness tester. In the tempering stage I, high strain hardening and yield strength accounted for the high ultimate strength and hardness. In the tempering stage II, strengths and hardness linearly decreased with increasing tempering temperature. Specimens tempered in the temperin stage III showed incipient discontinuous yielding and tensile strengths only slightly higher than yield strengths. Ductilities decreased slightly in specimens tempered in the tempered martensite embrittlement range, and severely decreased in specimens tempered for 10 hours at $500^{\circ}C$ in the temper embrittlement range. Specimens tempered at $600^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours showed recrystallized microstructures, a number of fine dimples, and increased strain hardening, probably due to the precipitation of alloy carbides. The simple formulae for the mechanical properties of these steels were suggested as a function of carbon content and Hollomon-Jaffe tempering parameter.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 2016

The current study was conducted to elucidate the effect of cementite morphology and matrix-ferrite microstructure on sliding wear behavior in spheroidized high carbon (1wt. % C) steel. The high carbon steel was initially heat treated to obtain a full pearlite or a martensite microstructure before the spheroidization. The spheroidizing heat treatment was performed on the full pearlitic steel for 100 hours at 700℃ and tempering was performed on the martensitic steel for 3 hours at 650℃. A spheroidized cementite phase in a ferrite matrix was obtained for both the full pearlite and the martensite microstructures. Sliding wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disk wear tester with the heat treated steel as the disk specimen. An alumina(Al₂O₃) ball was used as the pin counterpart during the test. After the spheroidizing heat treatment and the tempering, both pearlite and martensite exhibited similar microstructures of spheroidized cementite in a ferrite matrix. The spheroidized pearlite specimens had lower hardness than the tempered martensite; however, the wear resistance of the spheroidized pearlite was superior to that of the tempered martensite.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.47 no.7
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• pp.406-415
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• 2009

A study was conducted on the effects of carbon, tungsten, and vanadium on the wear properties and surface roughness of four High Speed Steel (HSS) rolls manufactured by the centrifugal casting method. Hot-rolling simulation tests were carried out using a high-temperature wear tester capable of controlling speed, load, and temperature. HSS rolls contained a large amount (up to 25 vol.%) of carbides such as MC, $M_{2}C$, $M_{7}C_{3}$, and $M_{6}C$ carbides formed in the tempered martensite matrix. The matrix consisted mainly of lath tempered martensite when the carbon content in the matrix was small, and contained a considerable amount of plate tempered martensite when the carbon content increased. The high-temperature wear test results indicated that the wear properties and surface roughness of the rolls improved when the amount of hard MC carbides formed inside solidification cells increased. The rolls distribution was also homogeneous. The best wear properties and surface roughness were obtained from a roll where a large amount of MC carbides was homogeneously distributed in the lath tempered martensite matrix. The proper contents of carbon equivalent, tungsten equivalent, and vanadium were 2.0~2.3%, 9~10%, and 5~6%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2008

Differences in hardness and microstructure between surface and area at 0.3 mm below the surface after quenching and tempering of ductile cast iron for rear planet carrier of automotive transmission have been investigated. Microstructure of ductile cast iron consisted of ferrite, pearlite, and nodular graphite. The amount of pearlite increased with going down to the half-thickness area. It was found that Cr and Mo segregated to the pearlite and the pearlite transformed to the harder martensite during quenching. The martensite was more resistant to the decomposition to ferrite and cementite during tempering because of segregation of Cr and Mo, resulting in the harder tempered martensite. Consequently, the hardness of the surface with less amount of pearlite, corresponding to the harder martensite in the quenched and tempered microstructure, was lower than that of the area at 0.3 mm below the surface.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Conference
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• 1996.03a
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• pp.143-148
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• 1996

In this paper, we have studied internal quality including chemical compositions, microscopic structure and nonmetalic inclusion of test materials. We have analyzed dynamic characteristics of cutting force of milling including tensile strength value hardness etcs. Test materials are used the tempered carbon steel and the non-tempered carbon steel. The obtained results are as follows: 1.In analyzing internal quality, the tempered carbon steel have typical martensite structure and the non-tempered carbon steel have ferrite+pearlite structure. 2.Yield strength, tensile strength and hardness value are in the non-tempered carbon steel but elongation is maximum value in the tempered carbon steel. 3.Cutting force is smaller non-tempered carbon steel than tempered carbon steel when feed speed and depth of cut is constant. 4.Cutting force is smaller to the tempered carbon steel and smaller non-tempered carbon steel than tempered carbon steel when cutting conditions

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 1997

In this paper, we have studied internal quality including chemical compositions, microscopic structure and nonmetalic inclusion of test materials. We have analyzed dynamic characteristics of cutting force of milling including tensile strength value, hardness etc. Test materials are used in the tempered carbon steel and the non-tempered carbon steel. The obtained results are as follows: 1. In analyzing internal quality, the tempered carbon steel have typical martensite structure and the non-tempered carbon steel have ferrite + pearlite structure. 2. Yield strength, tensile strength and hardness value are in the non-tempered carbon steel but elongation is maximum value in the tempered carbon steel. 3. Cutting force is smaller non-tempered carbon steel than tempered carbon steel when feed speed and depth on cut is constant. 4. Cutting force is smaller non-tempered carbon steel than tempered carbon steel when cutting speed and depth of cut is constant.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.61-68
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• 2016

Characteristics of dissimilar metal welds between alloy steel ASTM A387 Gr. 91 and carbon steel ASTM A516 Gr.70 made with Flux cored arc welding(FCAW) have been evaluated in terms of microstructure, mechanical strength, chemical analysis by EDS as well as corrosion test. Three heat inputs of 15.0, 22.5, 30.0kJ/cm were employed to make joints of dissimilar metals with E91T1-B9C wire. Post-weld heat treatment was carried out at $750^{\circ}C$ for 2.5 h. Based on microstructural examination, tempered martensite and lower bainite were formed in first layer of weld metal. The amount of tempered martensite was decreased and the amount of lower bainite was increased with increasing heat input and layer. Heat affected zone of alloy steel showed the highest hardness due to the formation of tempered Martensite and lower Bainite. Tensile strengths of dissimilar welds decreased with increasing heat inputs. Dissimilar welds seemed to have a good hot cracking resistance due to the low HCS index below 4. The salt spray test of dissimilar metals showed that the corrosion rate increased with increasing heat inputs due to the increase of the amount of lower Bainite.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 1999

White cast iron of 3%C-10%Cr-5%Mo-5%W was casted, and then heat treated with three different methods such as homogenizing, austenitizing and tempering to observe its effects on the microstructure, hardness and abrasive wear resistance. In uni-directional soldification, bamboo tree-like $M_7C_3$ carbide grew along with the heat flow direction, and fishbone-like $M_6C$ carbide was dispersed randomly among $M_7C_3$ carbides. While almost pearlitic structures were observed in the as-cast specimen, those of the heat treated specimens consisted of secondary carbide, retained austenite and tempered martensite. In austenitized specimen, the amounts of retained austenite were 60.88% due to the higher cooling rate encountered in forced air cooling. On the other hand, the amounts of retained austenite were reduced from 60.88% to 23.85% in tempered specimen due to the transformation of austenite into tempered martensite. The hardness of tempered specimen showed the highest value, and then decreased in the order of austenitized, as-cast and homogenized specimens. But, the abrasive wear resistance of austenitized specimen was the highest, and then decreased in the order of tempered, as-cast and homogenized specimens.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.267-274
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• 2001

Microalloyed steels, which substituted by conventional quenched and tempered steels, have been used in a wide variety of structural and engineering application. The main driving force for preference of MA steels is a cost reduction which can be achieved by an omission of heat treatment. In this study, low carbon martensitic MA steels in 0.18C-0.30(0.60)Si-2.00(1.80)Mn-0.05S-1.5Cr-0.05(0.10)V-0.015Ti(wt%) were investigated to know the effects of cooling method on the mechanical properties and microstructures of Si, Mn, V added microalloyed steel at different reheating temperature. Microstructure of oil quenched steels which were comprised lath martensite, auto-tempered martensite and retained austenite, had more various structure than that of air cooled steel made of mainly bainite. Therefore, oil quenched steels, which had more various microstructure, had better strength-toughness balance compare to air cooled steels. In the impact test, fracture mode of oil quenched steels, which showed good mechanical properties, were dimple, but that of air cooled steels were cleavage.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.170-176
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• 2015

In this work, various electron microscopy and analysis techniques were used to investigate the microstructural evolution of a 9% Cr tempered martensite ferritic (TMF) steel T91 upon ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification (UNSM) treatment. The micro-dimpled surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The characteristics of plastic deformation and gradient microstructure of the UNSM treated specimens were clearly revealed by crystal orientation mapping of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), with flexible use of the inverse pole figure, image quality, and grain boundary misorientation images. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of the specimens at different depths showed the formation of dislocations, dense dislocation walls, subgrains, and grains in the lower, middle, upper, and top layers of the treated specimens. Refinement of the $M_{23}C_6$ precipitates was also observed, the size and the number density of which were found to decrease as depth from the top surface decreased. The complex microstructure and microstructural evolution of the TMF steel samples upon the UNSM treatment were well-characterized by combined use of EBSD and TEM techniques.