• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.699-715
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• 2010

This paper investigates the structural responses of axially restrained steel beams under fire conditions by a nonlinear finite element method. The axial restraint is represented by a linear elastic spring. Different parameters which include beam slenderness ratio, external load level and axial restraint ratio are investigated. The process of forming a mid-span plastic hinge at the mid-span under a rising temperature is studied. In line with forming a fully plastic hinge at mid-span, the response of a restrained beam under rising temperature can be divided into three stages, viz. no plastic hinge, hinge forming and rotating, and catenary action stage. During catenary action stage, the axial restraint pulls the heated beam and prevents it from failing. This study introduces definitions of beam limiting temperature $T_{lim}$, catenary temperature $T_{ctn}$ and warning time $t_{wn}$. Influences of slenderness ratio, load level and axial restraint ratio on $T_{lim}$, $T_{ctn}$ and $t_{wn}$ are examined.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2008년도 제39회 하계학술대회
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• pp.1689-1690
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• 2008

In this paper, The method of a temperature rasing forecast is suggested and simulated. The data used in this simulations exists in the KD Power and it was obtain by real transformer. The method of temperature forecast is based on a top oil temperature rising modeling which is proposed by the IEEE journal. We propose modifications of a modeling that accurately predicts a future transformer temperature. This Method is verified by simulations.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.797-807
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 온도균열 저감이 기대되는 3성분계 시멘트를 사용한 페이스트 및 콘크리트의 간이단열온도 상승실험을 실시하여 3성분계 시멘트의 활성화를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 페이스트 실험은 3가지 결합재를 단독사용 및 혼합사용 하였으며, 콘크리트 실험은 3가지 결합재를 동시에 혼입하여 실시하였다. 페이스트실험 결과 BFS보다 FA의 사용이 온도저감 효과가 좋았으며, 3성분계 시멘트페이스트에서는 BFS의 혼입률이 작고 FA의 혼입률이 클수록 온도가 낮게 나타났다. 온도상승속도 및 하강속도 또한 BFS의 혼입률이 작고 FA의 혼입률이 클수록 늦어졌다. 한편, 물결합재비가 높을수록 최고온도가 낮게 나타났다. 최고온도 도달시간은 OPC100, 2성분계 시멘트, 3성분계 시멘트 순으로 짧게 나타나 3성분계 시멘트 사용은 온도상승지연효과가 있었다. 콘크리트 실험 결과 3성분계 시멘트를 사용한 콘크리트는 OPC사용 콘크리트에 비해 최고온도가 약 $8{\sim}11^{\circ}C$ 정도 낮게 나타났고, 온도상승속도는 $47{\sim}51%$ 수준이며, 온도하강속도는 $37{\sim}42%$ 수준으로 나타났다. 콘크리트 시험체는 페이스트 시험체에 비해 현저히 낮은 온도와 느린 온도상승속도 및 하강속도를 보였는데, 이는 콘크리트 중의 골재에 의한 영향으로 페이스트 시험체보다 열손실량이 컸기 때문이다.

• 콘크리트학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.195-204
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• 1998

콘크리트가 고강도를 확보하기 위해서는 일반적으로 큰 단위시멘트량 및 낮은 물-시멘트비를 유지해야 하므로 콘크리트 타설후 내부온도 상승은 필연적이며, 구조물의 위치와 온도응력차에 의하여 콘크리트 구조물에 균열이 발생하게 된다. 그러므로 고강도용 콘크리트의온도상승 억제대책의 한 방안으로 고로슬래그미분말 3종류와 혼합률 4단계로 변화시킨 콘크리트를 제조하여 온도상승량과 최고온도 도달시간 및 강도를 측정하였으며, 고로슬래그미분말을 5단계로 혼합한 페이스트의 수화발열량 및 수화속도를 측정한 값에 대하여 고찰하였다. 본 연구결과 고로슬래그미분말의 분말도 6,000$\textrm{cm}^2$/g, 혼합률 50% 정도인 고강도용 콘크리트가 온도상승 억제효과 뿐만 아니라 조기재령에서의 강도도 비교적 잘 만족하였다.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 유체기계공업학회 2006년 제4회 한국유체공학학술대회 논문집
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• pp.551-554
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• 2006

Inhibition of propellant temperature rising in liquid propulsion rocket using cryogenic fluid as a propellant is very important. Especially propellant temperature rising during stand-by after filling and pre-pressurization can bring into cavitation in turbo-pump. One of the method preventing propellant temperature rising in cryogenic feeding system is recirculating propellant through the loop composed of propellant tank, feed pipe, and recirculation pipe. The circulation of propellant is promoted through gas-lift effect by gas injection to lower position of recirculation pipe. In this experiment liquid oxygen and gas helium is used as propellant and injection gas. Under atmospheric and pressurized tank ullage condition, helium injection flow-rate is varied to observe the variation of recirculating flow-rate and propellant temperature in the feed pipe. There is appropriate helium injection flow-rate for gas-lift recirculation system.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.31-38
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• 1990

The power water flowed out from the multipurpose darn influences the ecosystem approximately because of the low water temperature. An appropriate counter measure to the rising water temperature is needed for growing crops especially when the temperature is below 18˚C in the source of the irrigation water This observational study is practiced in Yong-Doo water warming canal and pond in the down stream of Choong-Ju multipurpose dam and is practiced for analyse and compare the rising effects in actural water temperature by actual measurement with the rising effects of planned water temperatuer by the basic theoritical method and for the help to present the direction in plan establishment through investigate the results afterwards. The results are as follows. 1.The degree of the rise of the water temperature can be decided by $\theta$x=$\theta$o +K L--v.h (T-$\theta$˚)Then, K values of a factor representing the characteristics of the water warming canal were 0.00002043 for the type I. and 0.0000173 for the type II. respectively. 2.A variation of water temperature which produced by the difference effective temperature and water temperature in the water warming canal was $\theta$x1 = 16.5 + 15.9(1-e -0.00018x), $\theta$x2 =18.8 + 8.4( 1-e -0.000298x)for the type I. and $\theta$x, = 19.6 + 12.8 ( 1-e -0.00041x) for the type II. 3.It was shown that the effects of the rise of water temperature for the type I. water warming canal were greater than that of type II. as a resultes of broadening the surface of the canal compared with the depth of water, coloring the surface of water canal and installing the resistance block. 4.In case of the type I. water warming canal, the equation between the air temperature and the degree of the rise of water temprature could be made ;Y= 0.4134X + 7.728 In addition, in case of the type II. water warming canal, the correlation was very low. 5.A monthly variation of the water temperature in the water warming canal was the highest in August during the irrigation period and the water temperature rose with the air temperature until August. However, it was blunted after then. 6.A rising degree of water temperature of the practical value in the water warming pond was higher than that of the theoritical equation by 69% for the type I. and 57% for the type II. Accordingly, it was possible to acquire the result near the practical value.$\theta$w-$\theta$o=[1-exp{ -h(1+2$\psi$) . X($\theta$w-$\theta$0)XC Here, C values are 1.69 for the type I. and 1.57 for the type II. 7.It was shown that the effect of the rise of water temperature was favorable when the thermal absorption was to be good by coloring the surface of the water warming pond and removing the bottom osmosis. 8.By enlarging the surface of water in comparison with the depth, and by having dead area of water in the water warming pond, this structure in the water warming pond is helpful for the rise of water temperature.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.331-335
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• 1998

R-curve, of three kinds of silicon nitride-based ceramics were measured, using single edge notched beam (SENB) method at room and at elevated temperatures, up to $1200^{\circ}C$. Stable fraacture was seen on ceramic materials with SENB specimens if the machined notch is deep enough, even though the crack resistance did not increase with crack length. Hot pressed silicon nitride did not show the rising R-curve behavior at room temperature, but it showed some rising at $1000^{\circ}C$ and above. Si3N4 reinforced with SiC whiskers showed no rising behavior at room and elevated temperatures, as it has smaller grain size, compare to the monolithic specimen. Gas pressure sintered silicon nitride had very large and elongated grains, and it showed rising R-curve even at room temperature. However, it showed some creep behavior at $1200^{\circ}C$ and the calculated R-curve on this condition did not show a good result. We cannot apply this technique on this condition for obtaining the R-curve.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.399-415
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• 2017

This paper deals with the nonlinear static deflections of functionally graded (FG) porous under thermal effect. Material properties vary in both position-dependent and temperature-dependent. The considered nonlinear problem is solved by using Total Lagrangian finite element method within two-dimensional (2-D) continuum model in the Newton-Raphson iteration method. In numerical examples, the effects of material distribution, porosity parameters, temperature rising on the nonlinear large deflections of FG beams are presented and discussed with porosity effects. Also, the effects of the different porosity models on the FG beams are investigated in temperature rising.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.557-567
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• 2022

Nonlinear free vibration analysis of a functionally graded beam resting on the nonlinear viscoelastic foundation is studied with uniform temperature rising. The non-linear strain-displacement relationship is considered in the finite strain theory. The governing nonlinear dynamic equation is derived based on the finite strain theory with using of Hamilton's principle. The Galerkin's decomposition technique is utilized to discretize the governing nonlinear partial differential equation to nonlinear ordinary differential equation and then is solved by using of multiple time scale method. The influences of temperature rising, material distribution parameter, nonlinear viscoelastic foundation parameters on the nonlinear free response and phase trajectory are investigated. In this paper, it is aimed that a contribution to the literature for nonlinear thermal vibration solutions of a functionally graded beam resting on the nonlinear viscoelastic foundation by using of multiple time scale method.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2006

Global warming brings about changes of diverse environmental, especially changes of plant distribution. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between temperature rise and changes of northern limit of vegetation growth in Korea. Bamboos (Phyllostachys) and boundary between the northern type and southern type of garlic (Allium sativum L.) were selected. The data of the distributions of bamboos and garlic are collected by field survey and interviews. Temperature is analyzed from 1904 to 2000. The northern limit of Phyllostachys moves 60-100 km northward, for about 100 years, the period of 1907-2003 and mean temperature of Korea increases about $2^{\circ}C$ during the same period. It means that the northern limit moves 30-50 km northward, for each $1^{\circ}C$ rising of January mean temperature. The boundary between the northern type and southern types of garlic moves northward 40-140 km from 1980s to 2000. The moving width is broad in the west coastal region while the width is narrow in the inland and mountain regions. The mean moving width is about 100 km.