• 에너지공학
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.592-604
• /
• 1999

대면적 용융탄산염 연료전지 운전 시 스택에서 발생하는 스택내 온도차와 극간 차압의 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 정상상태특성 및 동특성을 분석하였다. 두가지 용융탄산염연료전지 스택(5 kW(3,000$\textrm{cm}^2$, 20장), 3kW(6,000$\textrm{cm}^2$, 5장) 의 운전결과를 통하여 스택성능에 중요한 영향을 미치는 조작변수(전류밀도 , 연료 이용률, 공기 이용률)와 조절변수(스택 온도차, 연료극 차압, 공기극 차압)를 결정하였다. 조작변수들에 대한 조절변수들의 변화량인 스택의 정상상태 이득률을 구하여 시스템의 안정성을 분석하고 동특성을 나타내는 전달함수를 구하였따. 전달함수는 3$\times$3 행렬로 시간 지연항이 없는 전형적인 1차 시스템으로 표현되었다 동특성 분석에 의해 대면적 용융탄산염 연료전지 시스템의 최적 운전 조건을 설정할 수 있었다. 5 kW 스택의 경우 전류밀도가 150mA/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 일 때 스택 출구 온도를 68$0^{\circ}C$ 이하로 유지하기 위해서는 공기극 가스 recycle 에 의한 가압 운전이 필요하였으며, 효과적으로 용융탄산염 연료전지 시스템을 제어하기위해서는 조작변수의 조절변수상호간의 연계성을 제거하기위한 다중 입.출력 제어 및 연계 제거기가 필요함을 확인하였다. 이 결과는 향후 대면적 용융탄산염을 연료전지 시스템의 제어구조 설계와 운전모드설정에 중요한 자료로 사용될 것이다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제56권3호
• /
• pp.893-899
• /
• 2024

In a secondary cooling system of a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR), rapid detection of hydrogen due to sodium-water reaction (SWR) caused by water leakage from a heat exchanger tube of a steam generator (SG) is important in terms of safety and property protection of the SFR. For hydrogen detection, the hydrogen detectors using atomic transmission phenomenon of hydrogen within Ni-membrane were used in Japanese proto-type SFR "Monju". However, during the plant operation, detection signals of water leakage were observed even in the situation without SWR concerning temperature up and down in the cooling system. For this reason, the study of a new hydrogen detector has been carried out to improve stability, accuracy and reliability. In this research, the authors focus on the difference in composition of hydrogen and the difference between the background hydrogen under normal plant operation and the one generated by SWR and theoretically estimate the hydrogen behavior in liquid sodium by using ultra-accelerated quantum chemical molecular dynamics (UA-QCMD). Based on the estimation, dissolved H or NaH, rather than molecular hydrogen (H₂), is the predominant form of the background hydrogen in liquid sodium in terms of energetical stability. On the other hand, it was found that hydrogen molecules produced by the sodium-water reaction can exist stably as a form of a fine bubble concerning some confinement mechanism such as a NaH layer on their surface. At the same time, we observed experimentally that the fine H₂ bubbles exist stably in the liquid sodium, longer than previously expected. This paper describes the comparison between the theoretical estimation and experimental results based on hydrogen form in sodium in the development of the new hydrogen detector in Japan.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.261-269
• /
• 2015

In this study, we applied a membrane distillation process to investigate a feasibility of treating a wastewater with high concentration of organic matters including nitrogen and phosphorus. The laboratory scale experiment was performed by using a hydrophobic PVDF membrane with the pore size of $0.22{\mu}m$ and porosity of 75%. The installation was direct contact type where the temperature difference between a feed and permeate side was controlled to have a range from 20 to $60^{\circ}C$. We observed a flux variation and a concentration changes of COD, $PO{_4}^{3-}$-P, $NH_4{^+}$-N and conductivity of feed side as well as permeate side with various temperature differences (20 to $60^{\circ}C$), cross flow velocities (0.09 to 0.27 m/s) through the module, and pH (6.6 to 12.0) of the feed that has the initial concentration of COD about 1,000 mg/L, total nitrogen 390 mg/L, total phosphorus 10 mg/L, conductivity of $7,000{\mu}s/cm$. The results showed that the average flux was ranged from 4 to $40L/m^2/hr$ which was almost similar with the flux of NaCl and deionized water used as a feed solution. The lowest flux was obtained at the operating condition with the temperature difference of $20^{\circ}C$ and cross flow velocity of 0.09 m/s while the highest one was measured with $60^{\circ}C$ and 0.27 m/s. Above 99% of COD and $PO{_4}^{3-}$-P in the feed could be rejected regardless of an operating condition. However, the removal rate of ammonium nitrogen was varied from 64 to 99% depending on the pH of feed solution.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권8호
• /
• pp.1188-1193
• /
• 2005

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of two housing systems on physiological responses and energy expenditure of sheep in a semi-arid region of India. Two types of housing management were adopted. First was a shed- $6{\times}3\;m^2$ structure with all the four sides of 1.8 m chain link fencing with a central height of 3 m. The roof was covered with asbestos sheets and with mud floorings. Second was an open corral- $6{\times}3\;m^2$ open space with all the four sides covered with 1.8 m chain link fencing. Thirty-four (32 ewes and 2 rams) sheep of native Malpura breed aged about 18 months (body weight 28 kg ewes; 35 kg rams) were grazed together on a 35 ha plot of native range. All the sheep were grazed as a flock from 08.00 to 17.00 h during a yearlong study. The flock was divided into two groups (16 ewes+1 ram) in the evening and housed as per the systems (Shed and Open Corral). Dry and wet temperatures were recorded at 06.00 h and 21.00 h using a wet and dry bulb-thermometer both inside the shed and in the open corral and temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated. There was significant (p<0.05) difference in the THI between shed and open corral in all the seasons, indicating that shed was always warmer compared to open corral. Rectal temperature (RT) of both the groups of sheep was similar during morning as well as evening throughout the seasons. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the skin temperature (ST) and respiration rate (RR) between the two groups at both the measurements in all the seasons. Highest energy expenditure (EE) was recorded inside the shed at 21.00 h (224 kJ/h) during monsoon and lowest at 6.00 h during winter (119 kJ/h). There was a significant (p<0.05) difference between the EE inside the shed and that in the open corral. It was concluded that housing had significant effects on the physiological responses and EE of sheep. Provision of housing at night was stressful during monsoon (with less rainfall) and summer, whereas it was protecting the sheep from acute cold during winter in a semi-arid region of India.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.248-262
• /
• 1991

Simulation model was developed to analyze drying process for tray type red pepper dryer and validated by experiments. This model could predict satisfactorily temperatures and moisture contents of red pepper and temperatures of drying air during drying. Optimize algorithm was developed to search control valiables (drying air temperature, air recycle ratio and air flow rate) of red pepper dryer based on a criterion of minimizing energy consumption under the constraint conditions that statisfied carotenoid retension of at least 210mg per 100g dry matter, the moisture content of bottom layer of 15% (d.b) and drying time of less than 35 hours. Step changes in drying air temperature and air recycle ratio were considered in the optimization. In single step in control variables, the difference of the moisture content between top layer and bottom layer was great and more fan power was required. As the drying trays were exchanged when the moisture content of bottom layer reached to 100% (d.b), fifty percent of energy was saved and the difference of moisture content was little. In double step changes in control variables, optimal conditions were found by changing the step when the moisture content of bottom layer reached to 100% (d.b) (about 19.8 hours from starting drying). Optimum air flow rate was $18.1cmm/m^2$. Optimum drying air temperature and air recycle ratio in the first step was $55.8^{\circ}C$ and 0.80, and in the second step $65.6^{\circ}C$ and 0.88, respectively. In triple step changes in control variables, the optimal conditions were found by changing the steps when the moisture content of bottom layer reached to 250% (d.b) and 150% (d.b). Optimal air temperatures were $66.2^{\circ}C$, $58.4^{\circ}C$ and $66.9^{\circ}C$, and optimal air recycle ratios were 0.778, 0.785, 0.862 at each step, respectively. Optimal air flow rate was $18.9cmm/m^2$. The best operating mode was triple step mode considering energy consumption, drying time, fan power, and quality of dried red pepper. When the triple step mode was used to dry the red pepper, the energy consumption was about 16.5%~57.2% less than that of the single step mode and the drying time was 6.6 hours shorter than that of the double step mode.

• 한국결정성장학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.251-259
• /
• 1999

로울러 킬른 내의 이동현상에 대하여 전산모사를 수행하였다. 소결 공정에서 중요한 요소인 로울러 킬른 내의 온도분포와 속도장을 구하기 위하여 유한요소법을 이용하여 에너지 보존식과 운동량 보존식을 풀었다. 로울러 킬른 내에 세라믹 원료가 없을 경우에, 벽면의 열원으로부터 유입되는 공기로 빠르게 열전달이 이루어지게 되며 공기는 이 열의 대부분을 로울러 킬른 밖으로 전달하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 세라믹 원료가 있을 경우에, 세라믹 원료는 벽면으로부터 열을 받아 온도가 상승하게 되나 상대적으로 차가운 공기의 유동 때문에 인하여 공기로 많은 열을 빼앗기게 되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 자연대류에 의한 열전달로 인하여 소성대인 영역 5에서 세라믹 원료의 바닥과 윗면에서 온도 차이가 255K 정도 생겼다. 마지막으로 복사 열전달을 고려하였을 경우에 세라믹 원료 표면에서의 복사 열전달로 인하여 전도와 자연대류만 고려하였을 때보다 온도 차이가 45 K 정도 더 생겼다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제30권6C호
• /
• pp.231-239
• /
• 2010

본 논문에서는 지열을 이용한 PHC, 강관, 동관말뚝 형태인 에너지 파일의 지반 조건별 내부 충진재 열전도도 효율과 겨울철 열교환기 내부 순환수의 유속별(0.3m/s, 0.6m/s, 0.9m/s) 24시간 운용(8시간 운용, 16시간 대기)시너지 파일의 열전달 거동을 ABAQUS(ver 6.10)와 FLUENT(ver 6.3.26)를 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 말뚝 재료와 지반조건별 열전달 효율은 동관, 강관, PHC 말뚝순으로 열전달 효율이 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 말뚝 중 PHC 말뚝 형태의 에너지 파일을 유속별 8시간 운용에 따른 분석결과 경계조건이 일정할 때 유속 조건 중 유입속도 0.6m/s 일 때 평균 유출온도(275.4K) 및 열교환율(103.1W/m)로 경제적인 유속으로 판단되었으며, 8시간 운용 후 초기조건과 동일하게 16시간동안 지열이 에너지파일에 공급 시 정상상태와의 온도차는 0.1K 로 열량이 충분히 충전되어 에너지 파일의 겨울철 8시간운용 - 6시간대기는 운용상 적절한 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.529-536
• /
• 2002

The performance of stilting engine, in particular, its energy conversion efficiencies are critically influenced by the regenerator characteristics. The regenerator characteristics are influenced by effectiveness, void fraction. heat transfer loss and fluid friction loss in the regenerator matrix. These factors were influenced by the surface geometry and material properties of the regenerator matrix. The regenerator design goals arc good heat transfer and low pressure drop of working Bas across the regenerator. Various data for designing a wire screen matrix have been given by Kays and London(1984). The mesh number of their experiment. however, was confined below the No. 60. which seems rather small for the Stirling engine applications. In this paper. in order to provide a basic data for the design of regenerator matrix, characteristics of heat transfer and flow friction loss were investigated by a packed mettled of matrix in oscillating flow as the same condition of operation in a Stirling engine. Seven kinds of sing1e wire screen meshes were used as the regenerator matrices. The results are summarized as follows; 1. While the working fluid flew slowly in the regenerator. the temperature difference was great at the both hot-blow(the working fluid flows from healer to cooler) and cold-blow(the working fluid flows from cooler to healer). On the other hand. while the working fluid flew fast. the temperature difference was not distinguished. 2. The No.150 wire screen used as the regenerator matrix showed excellent performance than tile others. 3. Phase angle variation and filling rate affected heat transfer or regenerator matrices. 4. Temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the regenerator is very hish in degree of 120 phase angle.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cold hypersensitivity and bone mineral density. Methods 28 outpatients who visited OO University Oriental Hospital from July 11th, 2013 to August 28th, 2013 were analyzed. Patients were subjected to thermometer, and those with thermal difference greater than 0.3 ℃ between upper arm and palm and also with more than VAS 4 of cold hypersensitivity were diagnosed with cold sensitivity. Lumba spine (L2-4) and heel bone measurement were obtained on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT). Results 1. There was statistically significant correlation between T-score of DEXA and body weight (0.522), BMI (0.643), OSTA (Osteoporosis elf-assesment Tool for Asians, 0.579), BMI, T-score and Z-score of QCT. OSTA and T-score of QCT (0.521) also had statistically significance. 2. There was no statistically significant correlation between body fat, abdominal obesity rate, degree of cold hypersensitivity, upper arm and palm's temperature difference, palm temperature, height and Z-score, T-score of QCT or T-sore of DEXA. Conclusions Bone mineral density was lower in women who had cold hypersensitivity of hand and feet. But there was no statistically significant correlation between bone mineral density and degree of cold hypersensitivity, upper arm and palm’s temperature difference.

• 대한교통학회지
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.123-131
• /
• 2011

본 연구에서는 지표면과 대기사이의 열-에너지 균형원리를 이용한 노면온도예측모형을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 노면온도예측모형은 두 가지 모듈로 구성되는데 Canopy 1은 지표면과 대기 간의 열 교환을 묘사하기 위한 것이고, Canopy 2는 열에너지 교환 과정에서 포장체 특성을 반영하기 위한 것이다. 모형 수행에 필요한 다양한 입력변수는 기상청으로부터 수집하였다. 개발된 모형의 성능을 평가하기 위해 청원-상주 간 고속도로 상 문의교 지점에 설치된 접촉식 노면온도측정센서로부터 수집한 노면온도자료와 모형 수행을 통해 나온 결과 값을 비교 하였다. 이러한 비교는 동절기(12월)와 동절기 외 기간(10월)에 걸쳐 수행되었다. 비교 결과, 두 온도의 평균오차 값이 ${\pm}2^{\circ}C$ 범위 내에 있어, 모형의 성능이 매우 우수한 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 연구는 동절기 도로관리에 다양하게 사용될 것으로 사료되고, 특히 도로 기상정보체계 운영에 핵심이 되는 노면온도 예측 알고리즘으로 사용될 수 있는 기초 연구가 될 것이다.