• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

Background: In the study, the effects of elevated $CO_2$ and temperature on the nitrogen content, carbon content, and C:N ratio of seven rare and endangered species (Quercus gilva, Hibiscus hambo, Paliurus ramosissimus, Cicuta virosa, Bupleurum latissimum, Viola raddeana, and Iris dichotoma) were examined under control (ambient $CO_2$ + ambient temperature) and treatment (elevated $CO_2$ + elevated temperature) for 3 years (May 2008 and June 2011). Results: Elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature result in a decline in leaf nitrogen content for three woody species in May 2009 and June 2011, while four herb species showed different responses to each other. The nitrogen content of B. latissimum and I. dichotoma decreased under treatment in either 2009 and 2011. The leaf nitrogen content of C. virosa and V. raddeana was not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature in 2009, but that of C. virosa increased and that V. raddeana decreased under the treatment in 2011. In 2009, it was found that there was no difference in carbon content in the leaves of the six species except for that of P. ramosissimus. On the other hand, while there was no difference in carbon content in the leaves of Q. gilva in the control and treatment in 2011, carbon content in the leaves of the remaining six species increased due to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature. The C:N ratio in the leaf of C. virosa grown in the treatment was lower in both 2009 and 2011 than that in the control. The C:N ratio in the leaf of V. raddeana decreased by 16.4% from the previous year, but increased by 28.9% in 2011. For the other five species, C:N ratios increased both in 2009 and 2011. In 2009 and 2011, chlorophyll contents in the leaves of Q. gilva and H. hamabo were higher in the treatment than those in the control. In the case of P. ramosissimus, the ratio was higher in the treatment than that in the control in 2009, but in 2011, the result was the opposite. Among four herb species, the chlorophyll contents in the leaves of C. virosa, V. raddeana, and I. dichotoma did not show any difference between gradients in 2009, but decreased due to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature in 2011. Leaf nitrogen and carbon contents, C:N ratio, and chlorophyll contents in the leaves of seven rare and endangered species of plant were found to be influenced by the rise and duration of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature, species, and interaction among those factors. Conclusions: The findings above seem to show that long-term rise of $CO_2$ concentration, and temperature causes changes in physiological responses of rare and endangered species of plant and the responses may be species-specific. In particular, woody species seem to be more sensitive to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature than herb species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting temperature of urban parks to grasp the relationship between the land coverage in open space as well as the forest condition and decreasing city temperature by difference of purposed are. Futhermore, this research interpreted the relationship between wind direction, air temperature, the land coverage of the green space, the number of tree, green volume, height of tree and the mitigation of city temperature with the revolution analysis. The result of this study is that cool air in open space move leeward and decreasing city temperature is influenced by the difference of the land coverage in open space. Specifically, in order of the arbo $r_{-a}$rbor in the forest zone, the increase of the number of trees was related with temperature surrounding significantly. This study found that the use possibility of the green volume was recognized as the index of the green volume relative to air temperature surrounding. Green space of the city control area is more effective decreasing temperature than that of housing zone.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.87-102
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• 2000

Depression is a psychiatric syndrom consisting of dejected mood, psychomotor retardation, insomnia and weight loss. sometimes associated with irrational quilt feeling. And it is also similiar to Hwa-byung(火病) symptom in oriental medicine. But it is difficult to diagnose with objective method. Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging(D.I.T.I.) is one of diagnotic method that measure the changes of skin temperature in body.Specially we checked the skin temperature on depressed patients by using D.I.T.I. and compared with Bell's palsy patients and normal persons group.The results are as follows:Average body temperature of the depressed patient group is 36.62${\cdot}$0.58$^{\circ}C$ , Bell's palsy patients group is 36.59${\cdot}$0.34$^{\circ}C$ and that of the control group is 36.71${\cdot}$0.43$^{\circ}C$ . So there is no meaningful difference. The depressed patient group has higher temperature than the Bell's palsy patients group and control group by $\delta$T〉1.0$^{\circ}C$ at the following acupuncture points in these body parts - upper and lower, left and right, anterior and posterior. When acupuncture points temperature was compared superior and inferior part of the body, depressed patient group have meaningful difference at the GV-4 (Myung-moon) and also in the Bell's palsy patients group and control group.When acupuncture points temperature was compared left and right part of the body. ddpressed patient group have no meaningful difference and also in the Bell's palsy patients group and control group.When acupuncture points temperature was compared in the anterior and posterior part of the body, depressed patient group have meaningful difference at the Gv-4(Myung-moon) and also in the bell's palsy patients group and control group.From this study. we think that D.I.T.I. could be used to diagnose objectively on the depressed patients and useful to another psychoneurogenic diagnosis in oriental medicine.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.443-449
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to propose an enhanced variable-speed control method of ground-water circulation pumps using inlet and outlet ground-water temperature difference and analyze its effect for the ground source multi-heat pump system installed in a single-family house. As a result, it has shown to significantly reduce the electricity use of ground-water circulation pump and improve overall system Coefficient of Performance (COP) due to the proposed variable-speed control under partial load conditions after oversized and inefficient single-speed pump retrofit.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 2020

We investigated the growth response and population regeneration of four halophyte species: Suaeda japonica, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima and Suaeda glauca, when climate change proceeds caused by increased CO₂ concentration and temperature. The plants collected from habitat in 2018 were transplanted into Wagner pots, and cultivated for two years in greenhouse divided into a control (ambient condition) and a treatment (elevated CO₂+elevated temperature). The shoot length of halophytes was measured in July of each year, and the population regeneration rate was measured in October 2019. The shoot lengths of S. japonica and S. glauca had no difference between control and treatment for two years. Those of S. europaea were longer in control than treatment for two years. Those of S. maritima had no difference between control and treatment in 2018 but were longer in control than treatment in 2019. In control, the shoot lengths of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. glauca had no difference between years while those of S. maritima were longer in 2018 than in 2019. In treatment, those of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. maritima were shorter in 2019 than 2018 but S. glauca had no difference between years. The regeneration rates of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. glauca were lower treatment than control, and there was no difference in the regeneration rate of S. maritima. In conclusion, if climate change progresses caused by the increase of CO₂ concentration and temperature, the shoot lengths of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. maritima will be shortened, and the regeneration rate of population will be increased only in the S. maritima.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.140-145
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• 2011

In this study, the performance and behavior of solar heating system according to the system control scheme, variable flow control (proportional control) and constant flow control (on-off control) was carried out by experiment. The on-off control is used generally for solar thermal system by now. But the proportional control is used for the solar district heating system which is supplied the higher temperature of water than that of desired. The proportional control logic that pump speed is varied in an attempt to maintain a specified outlet temperature of solar heating system was developed and tested for the use widely for the small and medium solar thermal system. The results are as following. First, the proportional controller which is made here could be adopted the characteristics for setting temperature control. Second, the proportional control is better than the on-off control in the side of the performance of thermal stratification in storage tank. Third, the operating energy(electricity consumption by pump) of solar thermal system can be saved more than 60% using the proportional control comparing to the on-off control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.14-20
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• 2015

It is important to understand psychological and physiological responses of occupants who seated in a chair in order to shape a comfortable indoor official environment. So it is needed to find out optimal seated conditions. The purpose of this study was to explore optimal condition of seat air conditioning control based on psychological or subjective responses (perceived temperature and comfort sensation) and physiological responses (heartrate variability; HRV). To do this, experimental conditions were designed by the difference of indoor temperature and seat air conditioning temperature. In the experiment 1, seven experimental conditions were designed with one control condition which was not used seat air conditioning system, and six experimental conditions which the difference of indoor temperature and seat air conditioning temperature ($-1^{\circ}C{\sim}-6^{\circ}C$). In the experiment 2, four experimental conditions were designed with one control condition and three experimental conditions ($-3^{\circ}C{\sim}-5^{\circ}C$). In addition, participants' psychological or subjective response was measured by CSV (comfort sensation vote) and PTS (perceived temperature sensitivity) as a psychological or subjective response, and heartrate variability was measured as a physiological response. As a result, in the experiment 1, it was reported that the optimal conditions of seat air conditioning control based on participants' psychological or subjective comfort were from $-3^{\circ}C$ to $-5^{\circ}C$ experimental conditions. In addition, in the experiment 2, it was reported that the optimal condition of seat air conditioning control based on participants' physiological comfort was $-4^{\circ}C$ experimental condition. These results suggested that seat air conditioning could affected to comfort sensation of occupants in an appropriate range, rather than unconditionally.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.76-87
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of on temperature control from actuating method, recycling ratio and the position (top, middle and bottom) of set and controlled temperature within the reactor in adiabatic ebullated recycling condition, when the disturbance was occurred. Estimation of the solution were performed numerically using the finite difference method. It was assumed that the reaction is in constant with heat of reaction and the physical properties(density, heat capacity and viscosity, etc) of the reactants are same condition within the reactor.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.1006-1011
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• 2004

Recently, technical trend in machine tools is focused on enhancing of speed, accuracy and reliability. Such high speed usually results in thermal displacement and structural deformation. To minimize such thermal effect, most precision machine tools adopt high precision cooling system. This study proposes a temperature control for an oil cooler system using PI control with fuzzy logic. In a cooler system, the refrigerant flow rate is controlled by rotational speed of the compressor, where the outlet oil temperature is selected as the control variable. The fuzzy control rules iteratively correct PID parameters to minimize the error, difference between the outlet temperature and the reference one. Here, the ambient temperature is used as the reference one. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, a series of experiments are conducted for an oil cooler system of machine tools, and the results are compared with the ones of a conventional PID control. The experimental results show that the proposed method has advantages of smaller overshoot and smaller steady state error.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.52-55
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• 1996

This paper describes the bending traveling-wave type ultrasonic motor which generates the traveling wave by combining two standing waves with phase difference time and space. In $+20^{\circ}C$~$30^{\circ}C$, the USM motor operation character has represented normal condition. But the other temperature, (that is say, when long time operating condition) USM operation characteristic has abnormal condition, that is driving frequency, drive current and r.p.m is down. The recent USM has controller without temperature compensation. This study aimed at fuzzy controller which must follow the phase angle difference 90$^{\circ}$at operation temperature and them r.p.m and torque increase.