• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2016

Annual litterfall production and leaf area index (LAI, $m^2/m^2$) were estimated using litter traps in Gwangneung, Mt. Taewha and Mt. Gariwang. Annual total litter fall production including branch, bark, others was the highest in Gwangneung($7497.3{\pm}326.5kg/ha/yr$), which had the highest basal area at late successional stage, and followed by Mt. Taewha($5929.1{\pm}225.8kg/ha/yr$) and Mt. Gariwang($3,210.1{\pm}220.1kg/ha/yr$). Mt. Gariwang had the lowest litterfall production due to high elevation and short growing season even with the higher stand density and basal area than Mt. Taewha. Similarly, LAI, which was calculated by multiplying the mass of leaf litter with specific leaf area, was the highest in Gwangneung($5.99{\pm}0.69$) and followed by Mt. Taewha($5.20{\pm}0.24$) and Mt. Gariwang($4.06{\pm}0.42$) and the upper canopy species had the highest leaf area index in every sites (Gwangneung : 4.72, Mt. Taewha : 3.08, Mt. Gariwang : 2.19). However, species specific LAI estimation based on the relationship between basal area and leaf area was limited due to upper canopy species non-proportionality of basal area with LAI. In addition, the comparison between direct and indirect LAI measurement showed the importance of canopy clumping, especially at high density. Our study emphasized the necessity of direct LAI measurement using litter fall traps especially at temperate deciduous forest with diverse species.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2018

Background: For understanding and evaluating a more realistic and accurate assessment of ecosystem carbon balance related with environmental change or difference, it is necessary to analyze the various interrelationships between soil respiration and environmental factors. However, the soil temperature is mainly used for gap filling and estimation of soil respiration (Rs) under environmental change. Under the fact that changes in precipitation patterns due to climate change are expected, the effects of soil moisture content (SMC) on soil respiration have not been well studied relative to soil temperature. In this study, we attempt to analyze relationship between precipitation and soil respiration in temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest for 2 years in Gwangneung. Results: The average soil temperature (Ts) measured at a depth of 5 cm during the full study period was $12.0^{\circ}C$. The minimum value for monthly Ts was $-0.4^{\circ}C$ in February 2015 and $2.0^{\circ}C$ in January 2016. The maximum monthly Ts was $23.6^{\circ}C$ in August in both years. In 2015, annual precipitation was 823.4 mm and it was 1003.8 mm in 2016. The amount of precipitation increased by 21.9% in 2016 compared to 2015, but in 2015, it rained for 8 days more than in 2016. In 2015, the pattern of low precipitation was continuously shown, and there was a long dry period as well as a period of concentrated precipitation in 2016. 473.7 mm of precipitation, which accounted for about 51.8% of the precipitation during study period, was concentrated during summer (June to August) in 2016. The maximum values of daily Rs in both years were observed on the day when precipitation of 20 mm or more. From this, the maximum Rs value in 2015 was $784.3mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ in July when 26.8 mm of daily precipitation was measured. The maximum was $913.6mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ in August in 2016, when 23.8 mm of daily precipitation was measured. Rs on a rainy day was 1.5~1.6 times higher than it without precipitation. Consequently, the annual Rs in 2016 was about 12% higher than it was in 2015. It was shown a result of a 14% increase in summer precipitation from 2015. Conclusions: In this study, it was concluded that the precipitation pattern has a great effect on soil respiration. We confirmed that short-term but intense precipitation suppressed soil respiration due to a rapid increase in soil moisture, while sustained and adequate precipitation activated Rs. In especially, it is very important role on Rs in potential activating period such as summer high temperature season. Therefore, the accuracy of the calculated values by functional equation can be improved by considering the precipitation in addition to the soil temperature applied as the main factor for long-term prediction of soil respiration. In addition to this, we believe that the accuracy can be further improved by introducing an estimation equation based on seasonal temperature and soil moisture.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2003

The study area, Kwangneung Experiment Forest (KEF) is located on the west-central portion of Korean peninsula and belongs to a cool-temperate broadleaved forest Bone. At the old-growth deciduous forest near Soribong-peak (533.1 m) in KEF, we have established a 1 ha permanent plot ($100m{\times}100m$) and a flux tower, and the site was registered as a KLTER(Korean long-term ecological research network) and DK site of KoFlux. In this site, we made a stemmap of trees and analyzed forest stand structure and physical and chemical soil characteristics, and estimated carbon budgets by forest components (tree biomass, soils, litter and so on). Dominant tree species were Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflora, and accompanied by Q. aliena, Carpinus cordata, and so on. As a result of a field survey of the plot, density of the trees larger than 2 cm in DBH was 1,473 trees per ha, total biomass 261.2 tons/ha, and basal area $28.0m^2$/ha. Parent rock type is granite gneiss. Soil type is brown forest soil (alfisols in USDA system), and the depth is from 38 to 66 cm. Soil texture is loam or sandy loam, and its pH was f개m 4.2 to 5.0 in the surface layer, and from 4.8 to 5.2 in the subsurface layer. Seasonal changes in LAI were measured by hemispherical photography at the 1.2 m height, and the maximum was 3.65. And the spatial distributions of volumetric soil moisture contents and LAIs of the plot were measured. The carbon pool in living tree biomass including below ground biomass was 136 tons C/ha, and 5.6 tons C/ha is stored in the litter layer, and about 92.0 tons C/ha in the soil to the 30 cm in depth. Totally more than about 233.6 tons C/ha was stored in DK site. These ground survey and monitoring data will give some important parameters and validation data for the forest dynamics models or biogeochemical dynamics models to predict or interpolate spatially the changes in forest ecosystem structure and function.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2013

The pollen analysis was performed targeting the valley plain alluvium of Jangjae-ri, Asan area in order to clarify the climate and vegetation environment of the Last glacial maximum and the Late glacial in terms of Gokgyo River Watershed In Asan-City, Korea. The sample collection point gets included in the current deciduous broadleaf forest zone (south cool temperate zone). The results are as follows. (1) The vegetation environment of about 19,300-14,100yrB.P. at the investigation area is mainly classified into YJ-I period and YJ-II period while YJ-Ia period is classified once again into YJ-Ia period and YJ-Ib period. YJ-Ia period (19,300-17,500yrB.P.) is correlated with the Last Glacial Maximum while the vegetation at the time has relatively a little wide distribution area of grassland compared to the forest and the forest vegetation of this time period is the mixed conifer and deciduous broad-leaved forest. YJ-Ib period (15,400-14,750yrB.P.) is correlated with the Late glacial (or the Last Glacial Maximum) and the distribution area of grassland became wider compared to the forest. While the forest vegetation of this time period is the mixed conifer and deciduous broad-leaved forest, a difference exists in terms of the dominant tree species. YJ-II period (about 14,650-14,100yrB.P.) is correlated with the Last glacial while the distribution area of grassland became even wider than the forest compared to the YJ-Ib in case of the vegetation at the time and the forest vegetation of this time period is the coniferous forest. (2) Both YJ-I period and YJ-II period were relatively cold and dry compared the End of Late Glacial (about 12,000-10,000yrB.P.)~Early Holocene (10,000-8,500yrB.P.), Also, YJ-II period was relatively colder than the YJ-I period and the YJ-Ib period was relatively more humid than the YJ-Ia period.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.237-249
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• 2023

This study was carried to establish a new landscape-oriented gardening model based on climate, vegetation, and forest landscape characteristics. In addition, innovative forest garden models were suggested through an integrated approach to the ecological characteristics of forest vegetation communities and existing garden planting types. For the study, the key landscape elements that make up the main forest vegetation community were identified. And the vertical layers and horizontal distribution patterns of the community structure were typified by diagnostic species and their growth forms & habits such as dominant species, character species, and differential species, and degree of dominance-sociability. Based on this, a standardized vegetation structure and formation was developed by stratifying the landscape into main features, minor features, and detailed features according to visual dominant elements. Also, the applicability of the forest garden model was examined by applying the concept of borrowing landscape to representative deciduous broadleaf forests in the temperate northern region of Korea. Additionally, an integrated forest garden models based on the conceptual definition and typology of forest gardens, and a strategic approach to forest vegetation were proposed

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.310-323
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to understand the vegetation structure and ecological characteristic of Bulgapsan(Mt.) Provincial Park by setting up and surveying 64 plots(100m²). The analysis using the TWINSPAN and DCA techniques found seven community groups: Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community, P. densiflora-P. rigida-Q. serrata community, Q. variabilis-Carpinus tschonoskii community, Q. aliena-Q. variabilis-Cornus controversa community, Q. aliena-Platycarya strobilacea community, Broad-leaved miced community and Q. variabilis community. The result of vegetation community structure analysis showed that P. densiflora community and deciduous Quercus spp. community were in competition, and succession to Quercus spp. community was expected. In the case of other broad-leaved forests, the current status is expected to be maintained. But continuous monitoring is required in areas where Neolitsea sericea and Cephalotaxus appear, which grow naturally in warm temperate forest and southern temperate vegetation zone. Species diversity by communities are confirmed to be highest at 2.6654 in the actively competitive P. densiflora-P. rigida-Q. serrata community, and the lowest in the Deciduous broad-leaved forests community at 1.2548. The results of the tree rings and annual growth analysis showed that dominant trees had an average age of more than 37~87 years. Among them, N. sericea designated as a natural monument was 48~56 years old.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2001

Changes in breeding bird community and forest structure by thinning were investigated from April 1997 to August 1998 in 10ha ($400{\times}250m$) of temperate mixed hardwood forest in Mt. Gariwang which is located in National Forest, Pyoungchang, Kangwon Province, Korea. Bird community was surveyed by the territory mapping method and forest structure was done by analyzing the vertical structure of foliage, distribution of diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees and tree species composition. After the thinning, tree density, number of tree species and basal area were decreased from 195ea/ha, 18 species and 6.69 $m^2/ha$ into 100ea/ha, 13 species and 3.04 $m^2/ha$, respectively. Foliage coverages in upper and mid layer were decreased, but coverage in low layer was increased. Large trees (Over 40cm of DBH) were decreased. Number of breeding bird species and pairs were decreased from 14 species and 23 pairs into 8 species and 12 pairs after the thinning. Number of breeding pairs of Yellow-breasted bunting Emberiza elegans incresed. There were decrease in number of species in hole & bush-nesting and canopy & bush-foraging guild. The results suggested that the thinning affect the species composition of breeding bird community and the forest structure. Changes of habitat structure might influence in breeding bird's density, species diversity and habitat using pattern of breeding bird community.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2022

The Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin has traditionally been a pine tree protection area (prohibited forest) for timber production purposes, and is now designated and managed as a protected area for forest genetic resource conservation by the Korea Forest Service. This study, we analyzed topographical characteristics, existing vegetation, tree age, and plant community structure, and proposed a sustainable management method for the Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin for timber havesting purposes. The topographical characteristics of the target area were 36.7% ridges and 38.7% valleys; the ratio of ridges to valleys was similar, and the slopes formed 24.7% of the total area. The types of pine forest communities are divided into six types based on the progress of pine forest renewal, the competition with other species such as deciduous broadleaf trees, and the formation of layered structures. It has been confirmed that the age of the large-diameter pine trees (40~60cm in diameter) is approximately 60~70 years, which is relatively low. As a result of the analysis of the relative importance percentage and layered structure, differences depended on the progress of the pine forest renewal project, and not only the maintenance of the pine forest, but also the creation of a secondary growth forest, the density adjustment of pine trees, and the active management of competitive trees. The average basal area by the community was 12,642.1~25,424.4cm² for the tree layer and 1.8~1,956.5cm² for the low tree layer based on a quadrat of 400m². The difference in the basal area appeared to depend on the size and number of trees forming the tree layer and the degree of pine forest renewal (the degree of time elapsed after thinning pine trees). The average number of species that appeared in each community was 8.7-20.3; there were many species located in valleys, and the type competes with deciduous broadleaf trees due to the lack of management. The diversity of species ranged from 0.6915-1.0942, and was evaluated as low compared to pine communities in central temperate zones. In this paper, we determined the management goals of Geumgang Pine (Pinus densiflora) Forest in Sogwang-ri, Uljin to produce timber with high economic value, and suggested efficient vegetation management for continuous afforestation, the establishment of a timber production system, and improvement of wood production as a management direction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 1998

The Mt. Cheongok is located at the northern part of Kyungsangpookdo from $37^{\circ}$ 00' 00" to $37^{\circ}$ 05' 00" latitude and from $128^{\circ}$ 55' 00" to $129^{\circ}$ 00' 00" longitude. The altitude of the summit is 1,276.5m. This study was carried out to classify forest communities by the methods of Z${\ddot{u}}$rich-Montepellier schools. And, it also might be useful for selection of plant species, forest conservation, and prompting vegetation succession. The forest vegetation in Mt. Cheongok was classified into 12 communities, 4 groups, and 4 subgroups. Rhododendron micranthum subgroup of Pinus densiflora for. erecta community and Fraxinus mandshurica community were not found in cool temperate forest, southern zone yet. According to the coincidence method, Pines densiflora for. erecta community was mainly distributed from altitude 450m to 1,100m and from upper slope to ridge, and Quercus mongolica community was dominanced in the range of over altitude 700m. Pinus densiflora for. erecta community, distributed in upper slope and ridge, is judged to be maintained in the future. But Pinus densiflora for. erecta community, distributed in below middle slope, is judged to be changed into deciduous hardwood forest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.173-184
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• 2000

The aim of this study was to characterize the forest vegetation and site of Tongdaesan(Odaesan National Park) for ecological forest management. The deciduous forests of Tongdaesan are the result of cool, temperate climate. Direction and slope morphology contribute to differences in species composition and vegetaion structure. Based on the BRAUN-BLANQUET-approach, 242 releves were recorded and subsequently classified. The vegetation could be divided into two forest community groups, seven forest communities, and several groups. South exposed, dry slopes were covered with forests of the Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community group. Differential species included grasses and sedges, e.g., Calamagrostis langsdorfii, Carex humilis and C. lanceolata. Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community group could be subdivided into Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum community, Lespedeza${\times}$tomentella community, Carex humilis-Maackia amurensis community, Quercus mongolica-Acer pseudosieboldianum typical community and Pimpinella brachycarpa community. Carex humilis-Maackia amurensis community was divided into Galium kinuta subcommunity and typical subcommunity. Pimpinella brachycarpa community was divided into Vicia venosa var. cuspidata subcommunity and typical subcommunity. On north exposed, more humid and moist sites, forests of the Dryopteris crassirhizoma-Cornus controversa community group were found. This group was subdivided into Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes-Acer tegmentosum community and Deutzia glabrata-Ulmus laciniata community. Deutzia glabrata-Ulmus laciniata community was divided into Acer tegmentosum subcommunity, Saxifraga punctata subcommunity and typical subcommunity.