• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.640-658
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• 2012

One of the existing terrestrial multi-channel DTV service frameworks, called KoreaView, provides four programs, composed of MPEG-2 based one HD video and H.264/AVC based three SD videos within one single 6MHz frequency bandwidth. However the additional 3 SD videos can not provide enough quality due to its reduced spatial resolution and low target bitrates. In this paper, we propose a framework, which is called a terrestrial multi-channel high quality hybrid DTV service, to overcome such a weakness of KoreaView services. In the proposed framework, the three additional SD videos are encoded based on an H.264/SVC Spatial Base layer, which is compliant with H.264/AVC, and are delivered via broadcasting networks. On the other hand, and the corresponding three additional HD videos are encoded based on an H.264/SVC Spatial Enhancement layer, which are transmitted over broadband networks such as Internet, thus allowing the three additional videos for users with better quality of experience. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework, various experimental results are provided for real video contents being used for DTV services. First, the experimental results show that, when the SD sequences are encoded by the H.264/SVC Spatial Base layer at a target bitrate of 1.5Mbps, the resulting PSNR values are ranged from 34.5dB to 42.9dB, which is a sufficient level of service quality. Also it is noted that 690kbps-8,200kbps are needed for the HD test sequences when they are encoded in the H.264/SVC Spatial Enhancement layer at similar PSNR values for the same HD sequences encoded by MPEG-2 at a target bitrate of 12 Mbps.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.259-294
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• 2013

After its experiment involving the exploding of a satellite in space in 2007, China proudly aired news on TV and ran articles in newspapers. However, the event was internationally criticized and drew widespread attention. Many countries denounced the explosion by pointing out that it could be part of the nation's plan to expand its military power to space or that it could pose a danger to the peaceful use of space. However, there is no talk of whether the experiment that produced a huge amount of space debris could have violated an international law, namely the Outer Space Treaty. Although space garbage has been said to be a serious problem, the amount is still on the increase. If we continue to launch new space launch vehicles into orbit at this rate, we will not be able to use it anytime soon like we do today. As the commercial use of space is likely to increase, the situation will certainly get worse. The international community is fully aware of the seriousness of the problem and working together to reduce the amount of space garbage. However, despite the fact that the United States and Soviet Union's ASAT(Anti-Satellite) programs have been implemented for a long time, there have been no complaints about them in terms of military expansion or breach of the Outer Space Treaty. Also, the recent Chinese test is largely viewed to be in accordance with international law. A lot of research has been undertaken with regard to the problem of space garbage. Now people's awareness of dangers being posed has been fully raised. Under the circumstances, the dismissing of China's satellite smashing, leaving a big mess in its wake, as nothing more than an experiment, is a red flag to, if not many, at least some people. By means of this thesis, I would like to review whether the Chinese test has violated an international space law. This thesis presents an overview of the issues surrounding the event and examines the possibility of violating the Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principle Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. After the China test, the UN Scientific and Technical Subcommittee first adopted space debris mitigation guidelines, I'll introduce the content of the guidelines and discuss the characteristics of the guidelines and what can be done to address the issue.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.339-346
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• 2004

Matrix, produced by Larry & Andy Wachowski, was relatively precisely dealt with the cyber world. After the movie was released, it had a mania for the movie and was adopted into a various forms of cultural products. It was remade not only into the parodies of the other movies and TV programs, but also the clothes and miscellaneous items of the movie were reincarnated as an unique cultural trend. The cause of the popularity is the fresh storyline as well as the sophisticated visual effects and good-looking actors. The agony of the protagonist was connected with the people outside the movie who are yearning for the ideal world. He was confused at the fact that his circumstances which were believed as the real world were not tortally true, complicated between the sensually phisical truth and the spiritual truth and had an will for the freedom that would ransack the truth and save the other people from the fictitious world. Consequently, the movie has got sympathies with many audiences suggesting the situation that has no a firm belief of the reality, the difference between the real and the cyber world is meaningless and the faked images of the high-technology are overturned This thesis tries to study the present that the real images are excessly duplicated and consumed, related to the Jean Baudrillard's theory, 'Hyperreel'. Replaced the real objects by a technical programming in the Matrix world, there happens the image-violence that the true nature is slaughterred by images. In the world where the reproducts are more actual than the reality and pretends to be real, only semiotics are consumed and produced. That is to say, the tortally programmed images has no references and aims, therefore should be produced in an 'impediment-strategy' like a faked crisis. That is the step of 'Simulation' that artificially reincarnates the real. Based upon the Baudrillard's theory, 'Simulacre', this study tries to research today's post-modern situation that the boundary of the real world and the faked copy is vague and vanishing, through the analysis of the cyber world of the movie 'Matrix'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.21-35
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• 2018

In recent years, there has been a tendency to reuse 'landscapes of memory,' including industrial heritages, modern cultural heritages, and post-industrial parks, as public spaces in many cities. Among the various types of landscapes, 'modern historic landscapes', which were formed in the 19th and 20th centuries, are landscapes where the debate between conservation and removal is most frequent, according to the change of evaluation and recognition of modern history. This study examines conflicts between conservation and removal around modern historic landscapes and explores the value judgment criteria and the process of formation of those landscapes, as highlighted in the case of the demolition controversy of the old Japanese general government building in Seoul, which was dismantled in 1995. First, this study reviews newspaper articles, television news and debate programs from 1980-1999 and some articles related to the controversy of the Japanese general government building. Then it draws the following six factors as the main issues of the demolition controversy of the building: symbolic location, discoveries and responses of new historical facts, reaction and intervention of a related country, financial conditions, function and usage of the landscape, changes of urban, historical and architectural policies. Based on these issues, this study examines the conflicts between symbolic values that play an important role in the formation of modern historic landscapes and determines conservation or removal, and the utility of functional values that solve the problems and respond to criticisms that arise in the process of forming the modern historic landscape. Especially, it is noted that the most important factor that makes the decision is the symbolic values, although the determination of the conservation or removal of modern historic landscapes has changed according to changes in historical perceptions of modern history. Today, the modern historic landscape is an important site for urban design, and still has historical issues to be agreed upon and addressed. Thi study has contemporary significance from the point that it divides the many values of modern historic landscapes into symbolic values and functional values, evaluates these, and reviews the background social context.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.6
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• pp.17-34
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the sex-consciousness and sexual values of school children by geographic region. It's specifically attempted to make a comparative analysis of sex-consciousness and sexual values between urban and rural elementary schoolers to help provide efficient sex education for them to build the right sexual values. The subjects in this study were 400 elementary schoolers in their sixth year of elementary schools located in Danyang-gun and Chungju city, north Chungcheong province. After a survey was conducted, answer sheets from 387 students that were analyzable were analyzed. For data handling, SPSS program was employed, and t-test was utilized to see if there's any differences between the urban and rural elementary school youngsters in sex consciousness and sexual values. And $x^2$ test was used to make a comparative analysis of their view of sex education. The findings of the study were as follows : First, regarding sex-consciousness, they had general knowledge on sex. Especially, they were highly aware of sexual violence and the generation of baby, but many of them didn't know about where and how egg cells were produced. This indicated that systematic education should be offered in various ways. Concerning geographic gap, there was a significant difference in sexual knowledge between the urban and rural students. As to sexual attitude, they took a relatively positive attitude toward display of affection or sex-related talk on TV or in movies, as they viewed it as natural. This finding implied that the elementary schoolers were recipient toward sex and took an active attitude toward sexual expressions. Concerning geographic gap, there was no difference between the rural and urban students. As for sexual practices, the largest group of the students had a liking for the opposite sex, which showed that their needs for sex were unveiled in the course of having some trouble due to the other sex rather than through firsthand experiences or activities. As to geographic gap, there was a significant difference between the urban and rural students in that regard. Besides, the urban students put their sex-consciousness in practice more often than the rural students did. After they are educated to build the right sexual values, systematic sex-education programs should also be offered for them to be exposed to sustained sex education and to team how to apply their sex-consciousness to real life. Second, as for sexual values, the school children had relatively positive and equalitarian sexual values. Regarding geographic gap, there were significant gaps between the two groups' view of the opposite sex, sexual roles and chastity. Concerning view of the opposite sex, they attached more importance to the inner aspects of the opposite sex than his or her look, and they wanted to date in a natural manner. Regarding sexual roles, they were relatively well cognizant of gender equity and the importance of male and female roles. As to view of chastity, they looked upon sex as natural, not as what's ugly or ashamed of. Third, concerning their outlook on sex education, approximately more than half the students felt the needs for sex education, and there was a significant difference between the urban and rural students. They wanted to receive education about the prevention of sexual violence and physical changes during puberty the most, and there was a significant gap between the urban and rural students in this aspect. As to the time for sex education, they thought that students should start to be exposed to sex education in their fifth or sixth year. This finding signified that fifth or sixth graders who were in the beginning of puberty started to have a lot of interest in their own physical changes. Therefore, sex education would produce better effects when it's provided to fifth or sixth graders. Nearly half them preferred single-gender class when they received sex education, and there's no gap between the urban and rural students in that regard.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.355-369
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to find the effects of long-term combined exercise on regional bone mineral density(BMD) and cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk factors in the elderly with osteoporosis(OP). For the purpose, the subjects of this study were separated by two groups with thirty-one elderly women, who the first group was combined exercise group(CEG, n=16) and second group was non exercise group(CON, n=15). The combined exercise program was made up of warm-up (10min), work-out (aerobic; 30~45min/HRR 40~60%, resistance; 1RM * 50-70%, 8-10 * 2set ~ 10-15 * 1set), and cool-down (10min). Exercise group of the inspection have been trained 5 times a week for 1years. The results : At first, the variables of regional BMD were significantly different to pelvis, spine, trunk and T-score in two groups. At second, the variables of CVD risk factors were significantly different to SBP and DBP as well as TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C in two groups. As results of these conclusion, this study have positively effect shown that CEG was superior to CON in regional BMD(pelvis, spine, trunk and T-score), blood pressure(SBP, DBP) and plasma lipids(TC, TG, and LDL-C). Especially, the long-term combined exercise was provides a striking overall health quality of life with improving BMD and reduced CVD risk factors in the elderly with OP. In the future, other researches should deal with specific measures that reduction in mortality due to chronic disease and improvement quality of life for the development of programs in multiple researches of osteoporosis and chronic diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.295-317
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• 2000

This study was conducted to prevent oral disease of primary school, middle school, and high school students, providing basic data for the development of oral health education programs. Data were collected from 898 primary school, middle school, and high school students from March 2, 1999 to May 31, 1999. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1) The subjects of this study were primary school students(32.6%), middle school students(33.0%), and high school students(34.4%). Boy students were slightly more prevalent than girl students. That is, primary school boys were 56.3%, middle school boys were 53.2%, and high school boys were 52.6%. 2) According to the self-judgement of oral health, primary school students were better than middle/high school students and boy students were better than girl students, 63.5% of primary school students and 57.8% of middle/high school students brushed their teeth once or twice a day. 3) 76.3% of middle/high school students and 63.5% of primary school students experienced dental caries. Girl students were higher than boy students in experiencing dental caries, 35.9% of primary school students and 27.6% of middle/high school students experienced periodontal disease. 4) 22.9% of primary school students and 7.9% of middle/high school students received oral examinations periodically. Girl students showed a higher rate than boy students in primary school, while boy students showed a higher rate than girl students in middle/high school. 5) Explaining to the reasons for reluctant visits to dental hospitals and clinics, 'no time to go' was highest(22.9% of primary school students; 27.4% of middle/high school students) and the rate of 'feeling scared' was second highest. Middle/high school students were more reluctant to visit dental hospitals and clinics than primary school students. In case of problematic symptoms in the mouth, the rate of 'feeling painful or cold in teeth when eating cold or hot foods' was highest, 71.3% of primary school students was concerned about oral health, while 68.6% of middle/high school students was concerned about it. 6) In gathering to the sources of information on oral health, the rate of medical institutions was highest(30.0%) in primary school students, while the rate of family members or persons around them was highest in middle/high school students. 7) 54.9% of primary school students received oral health education, while 13.1% of middle/high school students received it. Only 4.7% of middle school and high school girls received it. In relation to dental health education, the rate of 'possibility of prevention of oral caries or disease of the gum' was highest. 79.5% of primary school students and 80.3% of middle school students answered that they would attend oral health education. 8) 60.4% of primary school students and 60.2% of middle/high school students think the purpose of oral health is to prevent dental caries and disease of the gums. In preventing dental caries, 78.8% of primary school students and 71.8% of middle school students thought that periodical oral examination was effective, 88.4% of primary school students and 88.8% of middle/high school thought that brushing one's teeth was effective and 64.1% of primary school students and 50.7% of middle school students thought that the use of toothpaste containing fluoride was effective. In preventing periodontal disease, 91.1% of primary school students and 90.2% of middle/high school students thought that brushing one's teeth was effective, while 72.4% of primary school students and 70.3% of middle/high school students thought that teeth cleaning was effective. 9) 16.0% of middle school students and 12.7% of high school students thought that their oral health condition was healthy. According to individual experiences in dental treatment, the rate of experience of middle school students was higher than that of high school students, 12.7% of middle school students received oral examinations periodically, while only 3.3% of high school students did so. 10) In cases of 'having no problematic symptoms in the mouth' and 'concerns about oral health', the rate of middle school students was higher than that of high school students. In gathering obtaining information on oral health, the rate of obtaining it through broadcast media including TV, Radio, etc. was highest in middle school students, while the rate of obtaining it through family members or persons around them was highest in high school students. 11) 81.7% of middle school students have not received oral health education. In case of girl students, 97.3% have not received it in high school students. 85.6% of middle school students and 151.2% of high school students think that oral health education is necessary. 12) According to the knowledge level of oral health, the point of high school students($26.33{\pm}2.33$) was similar to the point of high school students($26.23{\pm}2.30$). It appeared that the point of primary school students was highest($26.35{\pm}2.50$) The more concerned about oral health the students were the higher the knowledge level of oral health was. In conclusion, the middle/high school students' knowledge level of oral health was lower than primary school students. The rate of middle/high School students' experience in oral health education was too low. Therefore, it is necessary to intensify oral health education for middle/high school students. Especially, the necessity of oral health education to girl students is strongly recommended. Developing an oral health education program for primary school, middle school, and high school students, related public authority and organizations, teachers; and dentists must actively make efforts together in order to maintain healthy teeth through having students prevent dental caries and periodontal disease.