• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.297-305
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• 2016

An approach to assess inadvertent human intrusion into radwaste repository was proposed with the assumption that the intrusion occurs after a loss of knowledge of the hazardous nature of the disposal facility. The essential boundary conditions were derived on the basis of international recommendations, followed by an overall approach to deal with inadvertent human intrusion. The interrelation between societal factors, human intrusion scenarios, and protective measures is described to provide a concrete explanation of the approach, including the detailed procedures to set up the human intrusion scenario. The procedure for deriving protective measures is also explained with four steps, including how to derive a safety framework, general measures, potential measures, and eventual protective measures on the basis of stylized scenarios. It is expected that the approach proposed in this study will be used effectively to reduce the potential for and/or the consequences of human intrusion during the entire process of realizing a disposal facility.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.356-367
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• 2018

A series of tests dedicated to station blackout (SBO) accident scenarios have been recently performed at the $Prim{\ddot{a}}rkreislauf-Versuchsanlage$ (primary coolant loop test facility; PKL) facility in the framework of the OECD/NEA PKL-3 project. These investigations address current safety issues related to beyond design basis accident transients with significant core heat up. This work presents a detailed analysis using the best estimate thermal-hydraulic code TRACE (v5.0 Patch4) of different SBO scenarios conducted at the PKL facility; failures of high- and low-pressure safety injection systems together with steam generator (SG) feedwater supply are considered, thus calling for adequate accident management actions and timely implementation of alternative emergency cooling procedures to prevent core meltdown. The presented analysis evaluates the capability of the applied TRACE model of the PKL facility to correctly capture the sequences of events in the different SBO scenarios, namely the SBO tests H2.1, H2.2 run 1 and H2.2 run 2, including symmetric or asymmetric secondary side depressurization, primary side depressurization, accumulator (ACC) injection in the cold legs and secondary side feeding with mobile pump and/or primary side emergency core coolant injection from the fuel pool cooling pump. This study is focused specifically on the prediction of the core exit temperature, which drives the execution of the most relevant accident management actions. This work presents, in particular, the key improvements made to the TRACE model that helped to improve the code predictions, including the modeling of dynamical heat losses, the nodalization of SGs' heat exchanger tubes and the ACCs. Another relevant aspect of this work is to evaluate how well the model simulations of the three different scenarios qualitatively and quantitatively capture the trends and results exhibited by the actual experiments. For instance, how the number of SGs considered for secondary side depressurization affects the heat transfer from primary side; how the discharge capacity of the pressurizer relief valve affects the dynamics of the transient; how ACC initial pressure and nitrogen release affect the grace time between ACC injection and subsequent core heat up; and how well the alternative feeding modes of the secondary and/or primary side with mobile injection pumps affect core quenching and ensure stable long-term core cooling under controlled boiling conditions.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2017

A robust parameter set (ROPS) selection framework for an unsteady flow model was developed by combining Pareto optimums obtained by outcomes of model calibration using multi-site observations with the minimax regret approach (MRA). The multi-site calibration problem which is a multi-objective problem was solved by using an aggregation approach which aggregates the weighted criteria related to different sites into one measure, and then performs a large number of individual optimization runs with different weight combinations to obtain Pareto solutions. Roughness parameter structure which can describe the variation of Manning's n with discharges and sub-reaches was proposed and the related coefficients were optimized as model parameters. By applying the MRA which is a decision criterion, the Pareto solutions were ranked based on the obtained regrets related to each Pareto solution, and the top-rated one due to the lowest aggregated regrets of both calibration and validation was determined as the only ROPS. It was found that the determination of variable roughness and the corresponding standardized RMSEs at the two gauging stations varies considerably depending on the combinations of weights on the two sites. This method can provide the robust parameter set for the multi-site calibration problems in hydrologic and hydraulic models.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.251-264
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• 2008

One of the crucial elements to fully facilitate the various benefits of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is to obtain more reliable traffic monitoring in real time. To date, point and section-based traffic measurements have been available through existing surveillance technologies, such as loops and automatic vehicle identification (AVI) systems. However, seamless and more reliable traffic data are required for more effective traffic information provision and operations. Technology advancements including vehicle tracking and wireless communication enable the acceleration of the availability of individual vehicle travel information. This study presents a UBIquitous PRObe vehicle Surveillance System (UBIPROSS) using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) wireless communications. Seamless vehicle travel information, including origin-destination information, speed, travel times, and other data, can be obtained by the proposed UBIPROSS. A set of parameters associated with functional requirements of the UBIPROSS, which include the market penetration rate (MPR) of equipped vehicles, V2V communication range, and travel time update interval, are investigated by a Monte Carlo simulation- (MCS) based evaluation framework. In addition, this paper describes prototypical implementation. Field test results and identified technical issues are also discussed. It is expected that the proposed system would be an invaluable precursor to develop a next-generation traffic surveillance system.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.25-53
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to analysis sectoral patterns of technological innovation in Korean manufacturing sector. Pavitt(1984) put forward a well-known taxonomy that industries three groups of industries characterized by markedly different innovative modes, namely science-based, production-intensive and supplier-dominated industries. Using Pavitt's taxonomy as a framework, we try to explain similarities and differences among sectors in the sources and impact of innovations. Based on a sample of 2,371 firms in manufacturing industry, this paper investigated its relevance to explain the sources and directions of innovative activities in Korean industries. Empirical study shows that in supplier dominated firms most process innovations come from suppliers of equipment and materials. In science-based firms product innovation is produced internally, based on the rapid development of the underlying sciences in the universities and research institutes. It also shows that production-intensive firms have a positive association between innovativeness and customer collaboration. This explanation has implications for our understanding of the sources and directions of technical changes, the formation of technological advantages at the level of both region and country.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.639-647
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• 1998

Al-containing titanium silicalite-1 ([Al]-TS-1) catalyst was prepared hydrothermally, and the effects of synthesis parameters such as silica/alumina sources, $SiO_2/TiO_2$ ratio, and aging treatment were investigated. The structure, crystal size, and shape were examined by XRD and SEM, and the extent of titanium incorporation into the zeolite framework was examined using UV-vis DRS spectroscopy. For [Al]-TS-1 catalyst preparation, aging of ca. 24h was essential, and the faster crystallization rates were achieved with Cab-O-Sil than with Ludox or TEOS as a silica source. In addition, the higher crystallinity and faster crystallization rate were obtained using sodium aluminate as an aluminum source. 2-butanol oxidation using $H_2O_2$ as an oxidant was carried out to confirm the redox property of the [Al]-TS-1. Acid sites catalyzed toluene alkylation study indicated that lattice titanium species in [Al]-TS-1 weakened the acid strength, and the para-ethyltoluene selectivity was enhanced as a results.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.890-899
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• 2010

The sport industry has been continuing to grow in the past few decades in the U.S., and it presents significant opportunities for the practitioners to increase the number of patrons. To convert this opportunity to optimum benefits for a sport organization, one of the most significant challenges for the practitioners would be promoting sport attendance and repatronage. So far, many studies have tried to identify variables that affect the level of sports attendance. However, many of these variables are rather uncontrollable due to the nature of the sports and contingencies that are derived from many areas of uncertainties. Thus, to acquire competitive advantage and profit maximization, it would be essential for the managers to focus on understanding controllable elements. This study found that many controllable variables that influence sports attendance coincide with the servicescape elements which have been widely used in the hospitality industry since 1992. In the light of the conceptual framework of servicescape, this study also attempted to isolate the controllable variables that can be utilized to increase the sports attendance. This study presents its significance not only in extending the application of servicescape concept to the sport industry, but also in providing suggestions for future empirical studies that would further identify these variables, gauge the relationship between those variables, and assess its impact on the sports attendance.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.55-66
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• 2016

Purpose - This article aims to explore the characteristics of disaster risk distribution information in China. Also, this research attempts to analyze the findings of risk communication using case study in chronological order in terms of social amplification of risk. To achieve the purpose, the paper reviews the trends and issues of risk communication in China, with an emphasis on examining earthquakes by a chronological approach. In these regards, we hope that some relevant findings from this empirical study with cases will be able to enhance national risk communication and provide implications in Korea as well. Research design, data, and methodology - The conceptual framework of this study is theoretically based on the risk amplification model, which describes signals about risk transmitted and processed by individuals and social groups. The social amplification of risk also reflects the interactions of social groups about disaster-related risk issues, which are potential amplifiers or attenuators of communication signals. The key concept of social amplification implies that the risks pertaining to natural disasters interact with social, psychological, institutional, and cultural processes in ways that can affect public perceptions of risk. SMCRE Model is methodologically employed to examine risk communication history of China with the focus on natural disaster. Four earthquakes are selected to figure out the chronological characteristics of risk communication since 1970s. He bei Tang Shan earthquake is selected as an example disaster before 1990's, while the earthquake in Yun Nan Jiang is explored for the case study of 1990's. The earthquake in Si Chuan Wen Chuan is also examined as a example disaster of 2000's. The recent earthquake in Si Chuan Ya An Lu Shan is selected as a case of 2010s. Results - SMCRE model in this case study is operationally defined as a methodology and applied to the four earthquakes occurred in China. SMCRE model describes the exchange of risk information and is also applied to all forms of communication between stake holders. Each factor of risk communication includes source, message, channel, receiver and effect. It is notable that a big progress has been made on disaster risk communication in China for the past 40 years. We also found that highly developed information technology has enabled Chinese society to better cope with natural disaster, leading to enhanced disaster risk communication. It is mainly found from case study that the disaster risk communication of China has been involved with political situation, which derived from the change of government for the past 40 years. Conclusion - From this historical research, it can be inferred that the policies and politics of Chinese leaders have had a more critical role to play in the process of source of risk communication than those of any other countries. The results of this paper also support that the effective risk communication involves not only the improved reliability of local government as a key factor of disaster risk communication, but also is accompanied by international cooperation for substantial collaboration with stake holders.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2009

Various business model and computing environments are currently merged into web services and many web related application products are also develop. Most of IT enterprises in Korea use the Service-oriented architecture (SOA) whenever they develop the web applications. SOA is an approach to loosely coupled, protocol independent, standards-based distributed computing where software resources available on the network are considered as Services. SOA is believed to become the future enterprise technology solution that promises the agility and flexibility the business users have been looking for by leveraging the integration process through composition of the services spanning multiple enterprises. But, There are no specific development methodology to apply into SOA standard model until now. The developer uses the currently existing methodology to develop the application with SOA. The users have some limitations to use it. In this paper, we suggest a Frameworks for applying agile methodology into SOA to address the productivity and quality of small web related project. We design and implement a frameworks architecture for applying the agile method into SOA and describe the process model to implement it. We finally evaluate the frameworks with productivity, flexibility and maintainability.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.72-77
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• 2005

This study was performed to examine the effects of aluminum addition and recycle of NaOH waste solution on CEC and crystallinity of zeolite synthesized from fly ash. The added aluminum was used as the source of zeolite framework in zeolitization of fly ash. CEC and crystallinity of Na-P1 zeolite synthesized with aluminum addition were increased from 285 to $365cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ and from 44.3 to 57.1% compared to that of simple hydrothermal treatment, respectively. The recycled NaOH solution did not affect the CEC of reaction products, though the crystallinity was decreased a little. Therefore, the additional supply of aluminum could improve the quality of zeolite synthesized from fly ash and the recycle of NaOH during zeolite synthesis can save the chemical without any adverse effects in the quality of synthesized seolite.