• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.607-618
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• 2019

A new and interesting task in statistics is to effectively analyze functional data that frequently comes from advances in modern science and technology in areas such as meteorology and biomedical sciences. Functional linear regression with scalar response is a popular functional data analysis technique and it is often a common problem to determine a functional association if a functional predictor variable affects the scalar response in the models. Recently, Kong et al. (Journal of Nonparametric Statistics, 28, 813-838, 2016) established classical testing methods for this based on functional principal component analysis (of the functional predictor), that is, the resulting eigenfunctions (as a basis). However, the eigenbasis functions are not generally suitable for regression purpose because they are only concerned with the variability of the functional predictor, not the functional association of interest in testing problems. Additionally, eigenfunctions are to be estimated from data so that estimation errors might be involved in the performance of testing procedures. To circumvent these issues, we propose a testing method based on fixed basis such as B-splines and show that it works well via simulations. It is also illustrated via simulated and real data examples that the proposed testing method provides more effective and intuitive results due to the localization properties of B-splines.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.203-209
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• 2019

In this work, a new land-specific resistance measuring device (GM) and a measuring probe (Grounding Rod) are connected to the WENNER quadrant as power-line communication (PLC). In groups of two (P1,P2) probes, five to ten probes are installed in series on the ground at intervals of 1m, 2m, 4m, 8m, and 16m, respectively. If the PLC signal from the GMD is detected by the receiver of the Probe 1 (P1) for measurement, the minute voltage and current for measurement flow from the PSD (power supply) attached to the probe to the ground, and then, through the soil between P1 and P2, enters the Probe 1 (P2). The resistance value is then measured by the principle of voltage drop due to ground resistance. Measure the earth resistance every T seconds up to 1 trillion and store the measured data on the Arduino Server mounted on the main equipment. Stored measurement data can be derived from formulas by Ohm's Law and from inherent resistance (here,). Data obtained in real time will be linked to CDGES programs installed on Main PC, enabling data analysis and real-time monitoring of the ground environment on land. In addition, a three-dimensional display is possible with 3D graph support by identifying seasonal characteristics such as temperature and humidity of land (soils). The limitations of the study will require specific application measures of Test Bed for commercial access to a model that has been developed and operated experimentally.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2019

A colorimetric rapid detection method based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was developed for the analysis of organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticides. The AChE catalyzes acetylthiocholine into thiocholine having (-) and (+) charges, and the (+) charge results in gold nanoparticle (GNP) aggregation. The in-activation of AChE by OP and CB has been well known. In order to optimize the colorimetric method, optimal dilution times of commercial serum containing AChE, diameter of GNP, and concentration of acetylthiocholine were tested as a key parameter. The colorimetric detection limits of the method were 7.5 ng/mL for both dimethyl amine and carbofuran pesticides in 60% ethanol. No cross-reaction to other chemicals, such as aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, which can be contaminated with pesticides in agricultural products, was observed. Recoveries from lettuce, sesame leaf, and cabbage lettuce spiked with known concentrations of dimethyl amine and carbofuran were found to be ranged from 83.85 to 133.16%. These results indicated that the colorimetric rapid method based on AChE can be a useful tool for the sensitive, specific, rapid, and accurate detection of OP and CB pesticides in fresh vegetables.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.94-106
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• 2022

Purpose: Laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy with double-tract reconstruction (LPG-DTR) is a function-preserving procedure performed for treating upper early gastric cancer (EGC). However, few studies have compared the outcomes of LPG-DTR with those of laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG). This study aimed at comparing the short-term outcomes of LPG-DTR between LTG and upper EGC. Materials and Methods: For upper-third EGC, a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial was performed to compare those who underwent LPG-DTR with those who underwent LTG. Short-term outcomes, including clinicopathologic results, morbidity, mortality, and postoperative courses, were evaluated using a full analysis set based on the intention-to-treat principle and the per-protocol set. Results: Of the patients, 138 who fulfilled the criteria were randomized to each group. One patient in the LPG-DTR group withdrew consent. Sixty-eight patients underwent LPG-DTR and 69 underwent LTG. The operative time (LPG-DTR=219.4 minutes; LTG=201.8 minutes; P=0.085), estimated blood loss (LPG-DTR=76.0 mL; LTG=66.1 mL; P=0.413), and the morbidity rate (LPG-DTR=23.5%; LTG=17.4%; P=0.373) between the groups were not significantly different. No mortality occurred in either of the study groups. Two weeks post operation, the Visick scores for postprandial symptoms, including reflux symptoms, were not significantly different between the groups (P=0.749). Laboratory findings on postoperative day 5 were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusions: The short-term outcomes of LPG-DTR for upper EGC were comparable to those of LTG.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.181-190
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• 2023

Wastewater purification is one of the most important techniques for controlling environmental pollution and fulfilling the demand for freshwater supply. Various technologies, such as different types of distillations and reverse osmosis processes, need higher energy input. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an alternative method in which power consumption is deficient and works on the supercapacitor principle. Research is going on to improve the electrode materials to improve the efficiency of the process. A reverse electrodialysis (RED) is the most commonly used desalination technology and osmotic power generator. Among many studies conducted to enhance the efficiency of RED, MXene, as an ion exchange membrane (IEM) and 2D nanofluidic channels in IEM, is rising as a promising way to improve the physical and electrochemical properties of RED. It is used alone and other polymeric materials are mixed with MXene to enhance the performance of the membrane further. The maximum desalination performances of MXene with preconditioning, Ti₃C₂T_x, Nafion, and hetero-structures were respectively measured, proving the potential of MXene for a promising material in the desalination industry. In terms of osmotic power generating via RED, adopting MXene as asymmetric nanofluidic ion channels in IEM significantly improved the maximum osmotic output power density, most of them surpassing the commercialization benchmark, 5 Wm^-2. By connecting the number of unit cells, the output voltage reaches the point where it can directly power the electronic devices without any intermediate aid. The studies around MXene have significantly increased in recent years, yet there is more to be revealed about the application of MXene in the membrane and osmotic power-generating industry. This review discusses the electrodialysis process based on MXene composite membrane.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.38-53
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• 2022

In this article, I have summarized and reviewed the concepts and terms surrounding the stamped construction technique, focusing on earthen walls in the Three Kingdoms period. This is because confusion is caused by defining the nature of the earthen walls by using various concepts and terms for each researcher regarding the substance and construction method of the earthen walls. The stamped earth method is a representative ancient civil engineering or construction technique in which a frame is made of plates to form a fortress wall, a fence, and the base of a building, and then soil or sand is poured into it layer by layer and then stamped with a bat to make it solid. Therefore, in order to prove that the earthen wall was built by the stamped earth method, evidence such as a narrow plate, a column for fixing it, long horizontal and vertical wood pieces to support the narrow plate, and traces of pounding the soil must be detected. However, in Korea, there are very few cases where such evidence has been fully excavated, so it is necessary to agree on how strictly the standards for the stamped earth method will be applied. The terms related to the stamped technique mobilized for the construction of the earthen walls were explained with actual examples by dividing the terms related to the concept into terms related to the principle and unit of the stamped plate, and the specific stamped technology. In particular, in Pungnabtoseong Earthen wall, a variety of typical and diverse methods of building the ancient stamped earthen wall were identified so that decisive data could be secured to understand the principles and techniques of the stamped earthen wall. In the future, a more general understanding of the stamped technique will be possible only when more evidence related to it is found in relics other than Pungnabtoseong Earthen wall.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.61-72
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• 2023

In December 2020, the Fair Trade Act related to South Korea's separation of industrial capital was amended, and it was announced that the amendments would come into effect one year later, on December 30, 2021. The amendment's content involved breaking the previous principle of separating industrial capital from financial market penetration, allowing for the ownership of shares in general holding companies, small business startup investment companies, and technology business finance specialist companies. While the previous law was based on total issued shares' ownership, there were fluctuations in the subsequent trends of annual establishment and investment counts, as well as strategic investment counts of CVC (Corporate Venture Capital) before and after the law's amendment. CVC and IVC (Independent Venture Capital) are characterized differently based on their investment purposes, fund management types, and investment types. In this regard, the relaxation of the separation of industrial capital law is expected to have a positive impact on the future of the venture investment ecosystem and innovation ecosystem. In this study, we analyze the trends in the establishment count, investment count, and strategic investment count of domestic CVC from 2018, before the law amendment, to May 2023. Using 2021, the year the amended separation of industrial capital law was implemented, as a reference point, we examine changes in the trend. The analysis results indicate a significant increase in domestic CVC in 2021 compared to the previous year, along with an increase in investment counts, strategic investment counts, and the amount of investment in strategic investments. Based on these findings, this study suggests directions for further research related to future domestic CVC investment, strategic investment, and the activation of the venture investment market.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.125-153
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• 2023

The Supreme Court's en banc decision on December 12, 2022 (docket number 2016Do21314) presented a new standard for determining whether the use of diagnostic medical devices by Korean medical doctors constitutes oriental medical doctors constitutes unlicensed medical practice. Based on this standard, it was determined that the use of ultrasound by Korean medical doctors was not an unlicensed medical practice. Supreme Court's Decision 2016Du51405 on August 18, 2023, is the first case in which a new standard was applied to determine that an Korean medical doctor's use of electroencephalography to diagnose Parkinson's disease and dementia was not an unlicensed medical practice. The Supreme Court abolished the previous standard that Western medical knowledge and technology should not be required for Korean medical doctors to use medical devices. However, it was unclear whether Western medical diagnosis of Korean medical doctors using diagnostic medical devices would be viewed as an an auxiliary method of diagnosis. Parkinson's disease and dementia are Western medical diagnoses. The Supreme Court judged that the Western medical diagnosis of Korean medical doctors was not an unlicensed medical practice. This clearly explains what an auxiliary method of diagnosis means. In addition, the Supreme Court excluded the principles of development and production of electroencephalography from its judgment criteria. Automatic extraction and automatic reading of test results were also excluded. The criminal court's view that the meaning of oriental medical practice should be clearly and strictly interpreted from the perspective of an oriental doctor, and it was clarified that diagnostic medical devices were excluded from criminal punishment unless it was clear that they were not related to the principle of oriental medical practice. As a result, the Supreme Court made it clear that the use of diagnostic medical devices is excluded from criminal punishment unless it is clear that they are not related to the principles of Korean medicine.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.484-491
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• 2023

Tomatoes in greenhouse are a widely cultivated horticultural crop worldwide, accounting for high production and production value. When greenhouse ventilation is minimized during low temperature periods, CO₂ enrichment is often used to increase tomato photosynthetic rate and yield. Plant-induced electrical signal (PIES) can be used as a technology to monitor changes in the biological response of crops due to environmental changes by using the principle of measuring the resistance value, or impedance, within the crop. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between tomato growth data, vital response, and PIES resulting from CO₂ enrichment in greenhouse tomatoes. The growth of tomato treated with CO₂ enrichment in the morning was significantly better in all items except stem diameter compared to the control, and PIES values were also higher. The growth of tomato continuously applied with CO₂ was better in the treatment groups than control, and there was no significant difference in chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis. However, PIES and SPAD values were higher in the CO₂ treatment group than control. CO₂ enrichment have a direct relationship with PIES, growth increased, and transpiration increased due to the increased leaf area, resulting in increased water absorption, which appears to be reflected in PIES, which measures vascular impedance. Through this, this study suggests that PIES can be used to monitor crops due to environmental changes, and that PIES is a useful method for non-destructively and continuously monitoring changes of crops.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.21-35
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• 2001

By rearing private experts to design hazardous facilities, Safety property is obstained. So it is necessary to limit within the designer of hazardous materials facilities who has some degree skill. After permission progress about the inspection of the design ascertain whether it is safety property Mayor/Do governor permits within the laws and their qualification. Accordingly, Korea Fire Equipment Inspection Corporation be come specialization about the design, inspection of construction completion. A inquire purpose of Fire Service Act be considered fitness. Subject by which the Korea Fire Equipment Inspection Corporation is entrusted, subject by which the a non-probit corporation in The Civil Law be possible to entrusted in separate. In this case, because of the level of one's technique and facilities are important, to limit as a nonprobit corporation in The Civil Law give rise to trouble. Consequently; established a business corporation, which the level of one's technique and facilities, in accordance with The Commercial Law can assign inspection of construction completion. The contents of the Fire Services Act is caused by the historic growth of hazardous facilities's safety management. Because we decide on a course about completed inspection of hazardous substance, it is needed that adjust the task performed by a corporation of the exert skill and the duty performed by the task that a authorized corporation on the civil law or the commercial law To adjust the duty, the Fire Service Act, that is suitable to the purpose and principle, should constitute a measure of the duty. With the object of insure the safety of the hazardous substance, when the fire survice act establish a corporation of the expert skill. There is the will of lawmakers that need organization to have the power of the professional technology. The state excise the will that insure the safety of hazardous materials facilities on the basis of the professional technology and facilities, and construct to establish a corporation of the expert skill. Therefore as concentrate on the technology to need to insure the safety of the facilities of hazardous substance to be suitable on the purpose of laws and take responsibility and reports to a corporation of the expert skill. The task to be given to the state will be done.