• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 1976

A determinatien of the saponins in ginseng tea and extract was carried out by using the quantitative TLC autodetector equipped with a hydrogen flame ionization detector. In order to apply to the Quality central of the ginseng tea and extract. the optimum condition and recovery percentage for the quantitative determination of saponins in these products duo studied. The results obtained were as follows: The method was adequate to estimate whether the ginseng extract used for the Products and She raw ginseng extract were the same quality or net. Most of the individual peak area was increased with the concentration of the total saponin. But some of the peak areas were net increased quantitatively in the ease of the sample containing high concentration ginseng extract. To deternine the saponins in ginseng tea correctly high volume low concentration was better than the low volume high concentration. Optimum concentration of ginseng extract in sample to determine the individual saponins was in the range of 0.5∼1.5g. The recovery percentage of the total saponin was 99.5% on the average.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.648-652
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary addition of tea saponins (TS) and soybean oil (SO) on fatty acid profile and gene expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of growing lambs. Thirty-two Huzhou lambs were assigned to four dietary treatments in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement with main effects of TS (0 or 3 g/d) and SO (0 or 30 g/kg of diet DM). The diet without additives was considered as NTNS (no TS or SO). After a feeding trial for 60 d, four lambs of each treatment were slaughtered to collect the samples of LD muscle. Percentage of trans-11 vaccenic acid was enhanced (p<0.05) in muscle of lambs fed TS and SO. The proportion of total conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was increased (p<0.05) by SO, but decreased (p<0.05) by TS in LD muscle. The percentage of total saturated fatty acids in muscle was decreased (p<0.05) by addition of TS and SO, while addition of SO increased (p<0.05) the percentage of total polyunsaturated fatty acids. The ratio of cis-9, trans-11 CLA to tran-11 vaccenic acid was decreased (p<0.05) by TS, but increased (p<0.05) by SO. The same effects were observed in SCD mRNA expression. From these results it is indicated that including TS and SO in the diet of growing lambs affect the fatty acid profiles of LD muscle and that the proportion of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in the muscle influenced by TS and SO may be related to the SCD gene expression.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.313-316
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• 1977

The patterns of saponins of lateral gingengs cultivated different areas and various ginseng products were investigated by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. In the case of ginseng cultivated in the Kum San and Gang Hwa area, some parts of the panaxatriol series of the saponins (peak 6 and 7.8.9) were higher in concentration than in ginseng grown in other areas while the other ingredients were almost the same. In the process of heat treatment the quantity of peak 2 was generally decreased. However, in the case of red and white ginseng, one part of the panaxatriol saponins, peak 6 was increased. This tendency was also found in honeyed ginseng and ginseng tea which were not exposed to sunlight, but the increase was much less. The change in the red and white ginseng which were exposed to sunlight was very substantial. Therefore we can assume that the increase of peak 6 comes about due to the combination of heat treatment and exposure to sunlight, especially due to exposure to sunlight.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 1981

The qualities of ginseng leaf teas prepared by six different processing methods were evaluated to develop the leaf tea. The leaf tea prepared by fermentation at $30^{\circ}C$ showed the highest in the ratio of 30 min water extracts to the total extractable matters. This ratio was followed in decreasing order by the heat dried tea and the one fermented at $25^{\circ}C$. The yellow, orange and red color intensities of water extracts were the highest in the tea prepared by toasting method followed by teas fermented at $30^{\circ}C\:and\:25^{\circ}C$. The amount of saponins extracted with boiling water was the highest in the tea fermented at $30^{\circ}C$ among teas investigated. This tea was also most acceptable in sensory evaluation by the flavour profile method.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 1992

The comparative effects of ethylene oxide(EO) fumigation and gamma irradiation (5 kGy) were determined on the chemical components of exportable ginseng-leaf tea which is required for improving the hygienic quality. Saponins and fatty acids detected in the samples were found to be resistant to both treatments at the practical levels. In an experiment on free sugar and amino acids, however, quantitative analysis has shown that glucose, lysine and histidine in the samples are significantly decreased by EO fumigation (p<0.05) and that negligible changes were observed in gamma-irradiated samples.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1426-1435
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• 2014

Saponins have been considered as promising natural substances for mitigating methane emissions from ruminants. However, studies reported that addition of saponin-rich sources often arrived at contrasting results, i.e. either it decreased methane or it did not. The aim of the present study was to assess ruminal methane emissions through a meta-analytical approach of integrating related studies from published papers which described various levels of different saponin-rich sources being added to ruminant feed. A database was constructed from published literature reporting the addition of saponin-rich sources at various levels and then monitoring ruminal methane emissions in vitro. Accordingly, levels of saponin-rich source additions as well as different saponin sources were specified in the database. Apart from methane, other related rumen fermentation parameters were also included in the database, i.e. organic matter digestibility, gas production, pH, ammonia concentration, short-chain fatty acid profiles and protozoal count. A total of 23 studies comprised of 89 data points met the inclusion criteria. The data obtained were subsequently subjected to a statistical meta-analysis based on mixed model methodology. Accordingly, different studies were treated as random effects whereas levels of saponin-rich source additions or different saponin sources were considered as fixed effects. Model statistics used were p-value and root mean square error. Results showed that an addition of increasing levels of a saponin-rich source decreased methane emission per unit of substrate incubated as well as per unit of total gas produced (p<0.05). There was a decrease in acetate proportion (linear pattern; p<0.001) and an increase in propionate proportion (linear pattern; p<0.001) with increasing levels of saponin. Log protozoal count decreased (p<0.05) at higher saponin levels. Comparing between different saponin-rich sources, all saponin sources, i.e. quillaja, tea and yucca saponins produced less methane per unit of total gas than that of control (p<0.05). Although numerically the order of effectiveness of saponin-rich sources in mitigating methane was yucca>tea>quillaja, statistically they did not differ each other. It can be concluded that methane mitigating properties of saponins in the rumen are level- and source-dependent.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.230-234
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• 1999

Potassium channels play an important role in regulating vascular smooth muscle tone. Four types of $K^+$ channels areknown to be expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, and maxi $Ca^{2+}-activated\;K^+$ channel $(BK_{Ca})$ is a dominant type of $K^+$ channels in these cells. Because total ginseng saponins and ginsenoside $Rg_3$ cause vasodilation with unclear mechanisms, we hypothesized that total ginseng saponins and ginsenoside $Rg_3$ induce vasodilation via activation of maxi $Ca^{2+}-activated\;K+$ channels. Whole-cell BKe. currents were voltage-dependent with half maximum activation at -14 mV, and the currents were sensitive to nanomolar ChTX and millimolar TEA. External application of total ginseng saponins increased the anlplitude of the whole-cell BKe. current in a concentration-dependent manner. Single-channel analysis indicates that total ginseng saponins caused the channel opening for a longer period of time. Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ increased the amplitude of whole-cell $K_{Ca}$ currents without affecting voltage dependence of the currents and increased single-channel open time. Hence, the results suggest that ginseng saponin-induced vasodilation may be due to activation of $K_{Ca}$.

• CELLMED
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.11.1-11.7
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• 2012

Stachys tibetica Vatke (Lamiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in the folk medicine of Ladakh, India and Tibet for the treatment of various mental disorders. Infusion and decoction of the whole plant is used as a cup of tea for a severe fever, headaches and to relieve tension. The recent study is aimed to evaluate the preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical nature of Stachys tibetica Vatke. The whole plant material was subjected to successive soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether (40 - $60^{\circ}C$), chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and finally decocted with water to get the respective extracts. The fluorescence characteristics of the powdered materials were analysed under ultraviolet light and ordinary light. Different physicochemical parameters such as ash value, extractive value, foaming index, pH values, loss on drying and determination of foreign matter were carried out as per WHO guidelines. The total fat, flavonoid, saponin and volatile contents were also determined. Macroscopical studies revealed the authentication of the plant drug. Physicochemical parameters helped to standardize the plant material while preliminary qualitative chemical tests of different extracts showed the presence of Glycosides, Carbohydrates, Phytosterols/triterpenoids, Saponins, Fixed oils, Fats and phenols/tannins. Quantification of the total flavonoids and saponins and contents were determined as $54.66{\pm}0.58mg/g$ and $75.42{\pm}0.48mg/kg$ respectively, while the volatile and fat contents were 6.5% and 0.7% respectively. Results may lay the foundation for the standardization of the drug and discovery of new molecules from S. tibetica for the treatment of various diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 1977

The patterns of ginseng saponins in the commercial ginseng tea samples and each parts of ginseng plant were investigated by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. The quality of those sample teas were also evaluated. (1) White ginseng contained about $2.6{\sim}6.6$ times of Ra(o) than did other parts of ginseng. (2) Lateral roots, peelings and buds of ginseng were rich in $Rb_1$, $b_2$, c, which constituted about 50% of total saponin. (3) The ratio of Rb.c to Rg(f) in the leaves and stems of ginseng plant was 0.64 : 1. (White ginseng, 2 : 1 ; buds, 3 : 1 ; flower, 3.2 : 1 ; peelings, 5.8 : 1 ; lateral ginseng, 7 : 1) The relative content of Rg(f) in the white ginseng was about 3 times as much as the lateral ginseng. (4) The ratios of panaxadiol to panaxatriol in 13 kinds of commercial ginseng teas were in the range of $0.8{\sim}8\;:\;1$.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.75-75
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• 2020

Potatoes were first introduced outside the Andes region four centuries ago, and have become an integral part of much of the world's food. Potatoes were first introduced into Europe in the 16th century and Korea in the early 19th century. Potatoes have a short growing season, high production per unit area, relatively strong environmental adaptability, and are cultivated in more than 130 countries around the world. It is the world's fourth-largest crop, following rice, wheat, bean and maize. In the nutritional aspects, potatoes contain abundant vitamins and minerals, as well as an assortment of phytochemicals such as carotenoids and natural phenols. Due to the high content of potato functional compounds, it has known that potatoes are effective in the prevention of various human diseases. In particular, the potato contains a large amount of polar compounds, including the saponin in the polar compounds, and the physiological activity of the saponins, such as immunity enhancement, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory is known. In this study, the antioxidative activity of polar compounds from five potatoes was examined by cell based anti-oxidation assay. The smallest amount of ROS(Reactive oxygen species) was generated when the compound was derived from 'Haryung' and 'hongyoung' and strong SOD(Superoxide dismutase) activity was observed in 'Sumi' and 'Jayoung'. The results of this study reveal the antioxidative effect of polar compounds extracted from various kind of potatoes, which will enable the acquisition of new bioactive candidates and the establishment of new profit generation models for farmers