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A Study for Design and Performance Improvement of the High-Sensitivity Receiver Architecture based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS 기반의 고감도 수신기 아키텍처 설계 및 성능 향상에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Chi-Ho;Oh, Young-Hwan
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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    • v.45 no.4
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    • pp.9-21
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    • 2008
  • In this paper, we propose a GNSS-based RF receiver, A high precision localization architecture, and a high sensitivity localization architecture in order to solve the satellite navigation system's problem mentioned above. The GNSS-based RF receiver model should have the structure to simultaneously receive both the conventional GPS and navigation information data of future-usable Galileo. As a result, it is constructed as the multi-band which can receive at the same time Ll band (1575.42MHz) of GPS and El band (1575.42MHz), E5A band (1207.1MHz), and E4B band (1176.45MHz) of Galileo This high precision localization architecture proposes a delay lock loop with the structure of Early_early code, Early_late code, Prompt code, Late_early code, and Late_late code other than Early code, Prompt code, and Late code which a previous delay lock loop structure has. As we suggest the delay lock loop structure of 1/4chips spacing, we successfully deal with the synchronization problem with the C/A code derived from inaccuracy of the signal received from the satellite navigation system. The synchronization problem with the C/A code causes an acquisition delay time problem of the vehicle navigation system and leads to performance reduction of the receiver. In addition, as this high sensitivity localization architecture is designed as an asymmetry structure using 20 correlators, maximizes reception amplification factor, and minimizes noise, it improves a reception rate. Satellite navigation system repeatedly transmits the same C/A code 20 times. Consequently, we propose a structure which can use all of the same C/A code. Since this has an adaptive structure and can limit(offer) the number of the correlator according to the nearby environment, it can reduce unnecessary delay time of the system. With the use of this structure, we can lower the acquisition delay time and guarantee the continuity of tracking.

Comparison of the Results in Gastric Carcinoma Patients undergoing Billroth I and Billroth II Gastrectomiesy (원위부 위암에서 위절제술 후 위재건술식에 따른 잔위기능 및 영양 증상학적 삶의 질 비교)

  • Kim, Sung Geun;Kim, Young Kyun;Heo, Youn Jung;Song, Kyo Young;Kim, Jin Jo;Jin, Hyung Min;Kim, Wook;Park, Cho Hyun;Park, Seung Man;Lim, Keun Woo;Kim, Seung Nam;Jeon, Hae Myung
    • Journal of Gastric Cancer
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.16-22
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    • 2007
  • Purpose: The proper reconstruction technique to use after a distal subtotal gastrectomy for a gastric carcinoma, there has been a subject for debated what is the proper reconstruction technique. The aim of this study was to compare the gastricemptying time and the quality of life following both B-I and B-II reconstructions after a distal gastrectomy for a gastric adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: We studied 122 patients who had undergone a distal gastrectomy for a gastric adenocarcinoma between June 1999 and July 2002 at our hospital. 51 patients underwent B-I group, and 71 patients underwent B-II group. To evaluate the gastric-emptying time, we analyzed the T1/2 time by means of radionuclide scintigraphy using a gamma camera after ingestion of an $^{99m}Tc$-tin-colloid steamed egg. The nutritional status was measured by the weight change. Postgastrectomy syndrome was evaluated using an abdominal symptoms survey. Dumping syndrome was measured using the Sigstad dumping score. Results: The gastric-emptying time was somewhat delayed in the B-I group after a 6 month period, but there was no difference after 12 months between the two groups. There was less weight loss in the B-I group than in the B-II group (P=0.023). Fewer abdominal symptoms were occurred in the B-I group than in the B-II group. Dumping syndrome occurred less frequently in the B-I group than in the B-II group (P=0.013). Conclusion: In our study, the Billroth I reconstruction led to less weight loss, a better nutritional status, and a better quality of life than the Billroth II reconstruction. We concluded that after a distal subtotal gastrectomy, the Billroth I reconstruction would be considered when the procedure is oncologically suitable.

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Simultaneous Elevation of Serum Parathyroid Hormone(PTH) and Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein(PTHrP) in a Case of Lung Cancer with Hypercalcemia (고칼슘혈증을 보인 폐암환자에서 부갑상선호르몬(PTH)과 부갑상선호르몬관련단백질(PTHrP)이 동시에 증가된 1예)

  • Kim, Yu-Il;Kim, Kyu-Sik;Yu, Young-Kwon;Park, Chang-Min;Rim, Myung-Soo;Ko, Kyung-Haeng;Hwang, Jun-Hwa;Park, Hyeong-Kwan;Lim, Sung-Chul;Kim, Young-Chul;Park, Kyung-Ok
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.47 no.4
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    • pp.525-532
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    • 1999
  • The parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) is the most common causative peptide of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. In contrast, the serum level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is low to undetectable in the majority of patients with malignancy associated hypercalcemia. Few cases exist in which the production and secretion of PTH by malignant nonparathyroid tumors have been authenticated. To our knowledge, there is very rare case in which a nonparathyroid tumor expressed simultaneously both the PTH and PTHrP. We report a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with hypercalcemia which presented with simultaneous elevation of serum PTH and PTHrP. Severe hypercalcemia (serum calcium, 7.5 mEq/L) was found in a 65-year-old man who had a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung without any bony metastasis and detectable parathyroid abnormalities on isotope scintigraphy. The serum level of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) con centration was markedly elevated as measured in two site radioimmunoreactive PTH assays (intact PTH 150 pg/mL ; normal 9~55). The serum level of a PTHrP was also increased as measured in C-terminal region specific radioimmunoassay (PTHrP 99.1 pmol/L; normal 13.8~55.3). There are no evidences of coincidental primary hyperparathyroidism in parathyroid MIBI scan and other imaging studies including neck ultrasonography and computed tomography. These results suggest that simultaneous elevation of serum PTH and PTHrP in this patient can be caused by production of both PTHrP and PTH in other nonparathyroid lesions such as squamous cell carcinoma.

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Effects of Dietary Restriction on the Serum Lipid Level in OLETF Rats (식이 제한 급여가 OLETF 횐쥐의 혈청 지질량에 미치는 영향)

  • 이병래;차종희;박재윤;배학연;고춘남;박평심
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.1210-1214
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    • 2001
  • To determine the effects of dietary restriction on obese type 2 diabetes we measured body weight, blood glucose and serum lipid level in dietary restricted Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. OLETF rats (obese diabetic rats) and LETO rats (control rats) were grouped into 3 groups; control (free feed) group, 20% dietary restricted (20% DR) group and 40% dietary restricted (40% DR) group. Body weight of rats was measured every weeks and the level of glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-cholesterol in blood of rats were also determined at 12 weeks after dietary restriction. Body weight of control, 20% DR and 40% DR groups were increased by 41%, 20% and 10%, respectively in LETO rats and by 24%, 10% and -2%, respectively in OLETF rats. Blood glucose level of LETO rats were decreased by 12% on 40% DR compared to control group but the differences between control group and 20% DR group was not observed. The blood glucose level of OLETF rats were decreased by 20% in 40% DR group and by 15% in 20% DR group. The levels of blood triglyceride in 20% DR and 40% DR group were decreased by 20%, 15% in LETO rats and by 37%, 32% in OLETF rats, respectively Total cholesterol revel was not changed by dietary restriction in LETO rats, but significant changes were observed in OLETF rats by both 20% and 40% dietary restriction. HDL-cholesterol levels were also increased by dietary restriction in both LETO and OLETF rats. These results suggested that body weight and blood glucose, serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were decreased by dietary restriction and these changes are more susceptive in diabetic rats than non-diabetic animals.

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Untersuchungen iiber Blutenknospenbildung bei Ribes nigrum L. (리베스(Ribes nigrum L. var. 'Rosenthals Langtraubige Schwarze') 식물의 화아분화에 관한 연구)

  • Yang, Deok Cho
    • Journal of Plant Biology
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.179-189
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    • 1984
  • Durch vergleichende Untersuchungen von Ribes nigrum L. var. 'Rosenthals Langtraubige Schwarze' zwischen $prim\"{a}rem$ und $sekund\"{a}rem$ Jugendstadium (P.J. und S.J.) eine vertiefte Einsicht in die beiden zeitlich unterschielich langen $Entwicklungsabl\"{a}ufe$ zu bekommen und auf diese Weise bessere Ansatzpunke $f\"{u}r$ die Regulierung der $Bl\"{u}tc-nknospeninduktion$ zu gewinnen, war das Ziel vorliegenden Untersuchungen. Diese Untersuchungen $f\"{u}hrten$ zu den flogenden Ergebnissen: Die Dauer der Jugendphase von Ribes nigrum L. betrug bei den P.J.-Pflanzen ca. 7 Monate, bei den S.J.-Pflanzen ca. 5 Monate. Die $Bl\"{u}hreife$-(Ripeness to flower)-setzte bei den P.J.-Pflanzen erst beim 20. Nodium ein, bei den S.J.-Pflanzen bereits beim 5. Nodium. Das $f\"{u}hrte$ dazu, da${\beta}$ bei gleicher Nodienzahl die P.J.-Pflanzen weniger $Bl\"{u}te-nknospen$ angesetzt hatten als die S.J.-Pflanzen. Die erste $Bl\"{u}tenknospendifferenzierung$ setzte bei den P.J.-Pflanzen in der oberen Triebmitte etwa am 30. Nodium ein, beiden S.J.-Pflanzen bereits in der unteren Tricbmitte etwa am 20. Nodium. Bie den P.J.-Pflanzen waren die untersten 20. Nodien immer steril, $w\"{a}hrend$ bei den S.J.-Pflanzen $h\"{a}uflgsten$ an dem ersten Nodium $\"{u}ber$ der Basis fertil waren. In allen Versuchen hat sich gezeigt, da${\beta}$ der Wachstumsabschlu${\beta}$ -(Bildung einer Terminal Knospe)-, der bei Ribes nigrum L. durch Kurztag eingeleitet wird, bei den P.J.-Pflanzen langsammer als bei den S.J.-Pflanzen erfolgt. Dies $f\"{u}hrt$ dazu, da${\beta}$ die Pflanzen der $sekund\"{a}ren$ Jugendphase auf die photokybernetischen Stimulation empfindlicher reagieren als die der $prim\"{a}ren$ Jugendphase. Alle untersuchten Versuchsdaten $f\"{u}hren$ zu dem Schlu${\beta}$, da${\beta}$ die Wurzelgibberelline $(GA_n)$ keinen Einflu${\beta}$ auf die $Jugendsterilit\"{a}t$ ($Basissterilit\"{a}t$) haben. Aus den Untersuchungen geht hervor, da${\beta}$ die induktive Ma${\beta}$nahme zur Beschleunigung der $Bl\"{u}tenknospenbildung$ $f\"{u}r$ eine $Z\"{u}chtungsselektion$ erst dann eingesetzt werden sollen, wenn die P.J.-Pflanzen mehr als 20 Nodien ausgebildet haben.

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The Evaluation of Bone Scan and SPECT Before and After Treatment of TMD Patients (골관절염을 가진 측두하악장애 환자의 치료 전, 후 골스캔과 SPECT의 평가)

  • Kim, Byeong-Soo;Ahn, Yong-Woo;Ko, Myung-Yun;Park, June-Sang
    • Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.57-67
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    • 2005
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate bone scan(SUR) and SPECT(hot spot) in patients with TMJ osteoarthritis. 99mTc-MDP bone scan and SPECT were done in 27 patients, total 54 temporomandibular joints were examined with clinical examination, plain radiography. 42 TMJs were osteoarthritis and 12 TMJs were normal case, clinically diagnosed. We compared osteoarthritis group and control group of bone scan(SUR) and SPECT(hot spot). thus we compared before and after treatment of bone scan(SUR) and bone SPECT(hot spot) according to history, contributing factor, symptom degree, treatment, treatment period. The obtained results were as follows. 1. Bone scan(SUR) and SPECT(hot spot) activity of osteoarthritis group were higher than control group(P<0.05, P<0.01). 2. Bone scan(SUR) and SPECT(hot spot) activity were decreased after treatment at TMJ with osteoarthritis(P<0.01). 3. Bone scan(SUR) and SPECT(hot spot) activity were decreased at treatment group with splint(P<0.01, P<0.05). 4. Bone scan(SUR) and SPECT(hot spot) activity were decreased at Chronic group(P<0.01, P<0.05). 5. Bone scan(SUR) and SPECT(hot spot) activity were decreased at low noise NAS(<6) group(P<0.01,P<0.05). 6. Bone scan(SUR) and SPECT(hot spot) activity were decreased at TMD patient with parafunctional habit and without trauma history, psychosocial factor. 7. Bone scan(SUR) and SPECT(hot spot) activity were higher at before treatment required more treatment period.

Comparisons of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Sarcopenia-related Factors according to Physical Activity Levels in Basic Livelihood Security Recipients Elderly Women (기초생활보장수급 여성노인의 신체활동수준에 따른 심혈관질환 위험요인 및 근감소증 관련요인의 비교 분석)

  • Hwang, Eun-Jin;Hong, JeeYoung;Park, Joonkyu;Kim, Jeongeun;Kim, Sukwha;Kong, Hyoun-Joong
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.11 no.10
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    • pp.507-516
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of this study is to identify physical activity levels of the basic livelihood security recipients elderly women, to investigate relation between cardiovascular disease risk factors and sacrcopenia based on the levels, and to develop physical activity programs for healthy life of the elderly. The subjects of this study were 134 old females with $71{\pm}6.67$ years old who used senior centers in K-gu. The authors used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for investigating the physical activity levels of the elderly, measuring their physical activity levels for seven days on average and classifying them into two groups, the Low Physical Activity (n=77) and the Moderate Physical Activity (n=57) groups based on the levels. Blood pressure, waist measurement, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, Glucose, and atherogenic index (AI) were measured as the cardiovascular disease risk factors; percent body fat, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, total muscle mass, and skeletal muscle index were measured as factors related to sarcopenia. Independent samples t-Test was conducted to analyze differences on the two groups based on the physical activity levels, with ${\alpha}=.05$ the as significance level. According to the results, HDL (p=.017) were higher and AI (p=.007) was lower; percent body fat (p=.008) was lower, and ASM (p=.000), total muscle mass (p=.000), and SMI (p=.001) were higher. In conclusion, moderate intensity physical activities rather than low intensity ones may have positive effects on the cardiovascular disease risk factors and sarcopenia levels, and participation in regular physical activities with at least moderate intensity by various methods may be needed for prevention of illness and healthy life of the elderly.

A Survey on the University Students′ Use of University Cafeteria and Perception for the Reduction of Food Wastes (대학생의 구내식당 이용실태 및 음식물쓰레기 감량에 대한 의식 조사 연구)

  • 한준표
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.125-134
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    • 1999
  • The goal of this study was to find the way of reduction on food waste in the university cafeteria. A survey was conducted on the 502 students using Yeungnam University cafeteria, and illustrates the students' use and perception for the reduction of food waste. Its results can be summarized as follows: 57.2 percent of the total users use the university cafeteria every day, also 77.1 percent of the students preferred Korean style dish. Female students left more food waste than male students, and the most leaving food was stews than the other types of foods. The most favorite stew and side dish turned out tc be Yukgaejang and Bulgogi respectively, also they preferred Kimchibokkumbab. But they disliked Baechuguk, Sungiguk, salted fish and fishes. The perception of female users on the reduction of food waste was lower than that of male users, but they were concerned about on the reduction and recycling of food waste. Also the best method of food waste treatment recognized by students were utilizing the waste food as fertilizer or fodder for animals.

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Methodologies for Enhancing Immersiveness in AR-based Product Design (증강현실 기반 제품 디자인의 몰입감 향상 기법)

  • Ha, Tae-Jin;Kim, Yeong-Mi;Ryu, Je-Ha;Woo, Woon-Tack
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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    • v.44 no.2 s.314
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    • pp.37-46
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    • 2007
  • In this paper, we propose technologies for enhancing the immersive realization of virtual objects in AR-based product design. Generally, multimodal senses such as visual/auditory/tactile feedback are well known as a method for enhancing the immersion in case of interaction with virtual objects. By adapting tangible objects we can provide touch sensation to users. A 3D model of the same scale overlays the whole area of the tangible object so the marker area is invisible. This contributes to enhancing immersion. Also, the hand occlusion problem when the virtual objects overlay the user's hands is partially solved, providing more immersive and natural images to users. Finally, multimodal feedback also creates better immersion. In our work, both vibrotactile feedback through page motors, pneumatic tactile feedback, and sound feedback are considered. In our scenario, a game-phone model is selected, by way of proposed augmented vibrotactile feedback, hands occlusion-reduced visual effects and sound feedback are provided to users. These proposed methodologies will contribute to a better immersive realization of the conventional AR system.

The Optimal Turbo Coded V-BLAST Technique in the Adaptive Modulation System corresponding to each MIMO Scheme (적응 변조 시스템에서 각 MIMO 기법에 따른 최적의 터보 부호화된 V-BLAST 기법)

  • Lee, Kyung-Hwan;Ryoo, Sang-Jin;Choi, Kwang-Wook;You, Cheol-Woo;Hong, Dae-Ki;Kim, Dae-Jin;Hwang, In-Tae;Kim, Cheol-Sung
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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    • v.44 no.6 s.360
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    • pp.40-47
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    • 2007
  • In this paper, we propose and analyze the Adaptive Modulation System with optimal Turbo Coded V-BLAST(Vertical-Bell-lab Layered Space-Time) technique that adopts the extrinsic information from MAP (Maximum A Posteriori) Decoder with Iterative Decoding as a priori probability in two decoding procedures of V-BLAST; the ordering and the slicing. Also, we consider and compare the Adaptive Modulation System using conventional Turbo Coded V-BLAST technique that is simply combined V-BLAST with Turbo Coding scheme and the Adaptive Modulation System using conventional Turbo Coded V-BLAST technique that is decoded by the ML (Maximum Likelihood) decoding algorithm. We observe a throughput performance and a complexity. As a result of a performance comparison of each system, it has been proved that the complexity of the proposed decoding algorithm is lower than that of the ML decoding algorithm but is higher than that of the conventional V-BLAST decoding algorithm. however, we can see that the proposed system achieves a better throughput performance than the conventional system in the whole SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) range. And the result shows that the proposed system achieves a throughput performance close to the ML decoded system. Specifically, a simulation shows that the maximum throughput improvement in each MIMO scheme is respectively about 350 kbps, 460 kbps, and 740 kbps compared to the conventional system. It is suggested that the effect of the proposed decoding algorithm accordingly gets higher as the number of system antenna increases.